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Source code and community space of 📖 _100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them_, published by Manning in August 2022.
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Source code and community space of 📖 _100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them_, published by Manning in August 2022.
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Read online: [100go.co](https://100go.co).
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Read online: [100go.co](https://100go.co).
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## Powered by
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[](https://jb.gg/OpenSource)
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@ -2439,3 +2439,7 @@ Thanks to all the contributors:
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<a href="https://contrib.rocks/image?repo=teivah/100-go-mistakes">
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<a href="https://contrib.rocks/image?repo=teivah/100-go-mistakes">
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<img src="https://contrib.rocks/image?repo=teivah/100-go-mistakes" alt="Description of the image">
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<img src="https://contrib.rocks/image?repo=teivah/100-go-mistakes" alt="Description of the image">
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</a>
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</a>
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## Powered by
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[](https://jb.gg/OpenSource)
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<link rel="icon" href="../img/Go-Logo_LightBlue.svg">
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<link rel="icon" href="../img/Go-Logo_LightBlue.svg">
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<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.14">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
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<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
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<meta property="og:type" content="website" >
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<meta property="og:type" content="website">
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<meta property="og:title" content="Not understanding slice length and capacity (#20) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them" >
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<meta property="og:title" content="Not understanding slice length and capacity (#20) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them">
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<meta property="og:description" content="None" >
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<meta property="og:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/20-slice.png" >
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<meta property="og:url" content="https://100go.co/20-slice/" >
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<meta property="og:url" content="https://100go.co/20-slice/">
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Not understanding slice length and capacity (#20) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them" >
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Not understanding slice length and capacity (#20) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them">
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="None" >
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<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/20-slice.png" >
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<link href="../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/><style>
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<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
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<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"></path></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"></path></svg>
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<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"></path></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
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<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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<h1 id="not-understanding-slice-length-and-capacity">Not understanding slice length and capacity</h1>
|
<h1 id="not-understanding-slice-length-and-capacity">Not understanding slice length and capacity</h1>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/20-slice.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/20-slice.png" /></a></p>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/20-slice.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/20-slice.png"></a></p>
|
||||||
<p>It’s pretty common for Go developers to mix slice length and capacity or not understand them thoroughly. Assimilating these two concepts is essential for efficiently handling core operations such as slice initialization and adding elements with append, copying, or slicing. This misunderstanding can lead to using slices suboptimally or even to memory leaks.</p>
|
<p>It’s pretty common for Go developers to mix slice length and capacity or not understand them thoroughly. Assimilating these two concepts is essential for efficiently handling core operations such as slice initialization and adding elements with append, copying, or slicing. This misunderstanding can lead to using slices suboptimally or even to memory leaks.</p>
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||||||
<p>In Go, a slice is backed by an array. That means the slice’s data is stored contiguously in an array data structure. A slice also handles the logic of adding an element if the backing array is full or shrinking the backing array if it’s almost empty.</p>
|
<p>In Go, a slice is backed by an array. That means the slice’s data is stored contiguously in an array data structure. A slice also handles the logic of adding an element if the backing array is full or shrinking the backing array if it’s almost empty.</p>
|
||||||
<p>Internally, a slice holds a pointer to the backing array plus a length and a capacity. The length is the number of elements the slice contains, whereas the capacity is the number of elements in the backing array, counting from the first element in the slice. Let’s go through a few examples to make things clearer. First, let’s initialize a slice with a given length and capacity:</p>
|
<p>Internally, a slice holds a pointer to the backing array plus a length and a capacity. The length is the number of elements the slice contains, whereas the capacity is the number of elements in the backing array, counting from the first element in the slice. Let’s go through a few examples to make things clearer. First, let’s initialize a slice with a given length and capacity:</p>
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@ -1083,14 +1081,14 @@
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</span></code></pre></div>
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</span></code></pre></div>
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||||||
<p>The first argument, representing the length, is mandatory. However, the second argument representing the capacity is optional. Figure 1 shows the result of this code in memory.</p>
|
<p>The first argument, representing the length, is mandatory. However, the second argument representing the capacity is optional. Figure 1 shows the result of this code in memory.</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/slice-1.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/slice-1.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/slice-1.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/slice-1.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 1: A three-length, six-capacity slice.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 1: A three-length, six-capacity slice.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
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</figure>
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||||||
<p>In this case, <code>make</code> creates an array of six elements (the capacity). But because the length was set to 3, Go initializes only the first three elements. Also, because the slice is an <code>[]int</code> type, the first three elements are initialized to the zeroed value of an <code>int</code>: 0. The grayed elements are allocated but not yet used.</p>
|
<p>In this case, <code>make</code> creates an array of six elements (the capacity). But because the length was set to 3, Go initializes only the first three elements. Also, because the slice is an <code>[]int</code> type, the first three elements are initialized to the zeroed value of an <code>int</code>: 0. The grayed elements are allocated but not yet used.</p>
|
||||||
<p>If we print this slice, we get the elements within the range of the length, <code>[0 0 0]</code>. If we set <code>s[1]</code> to 1, the second element of the slice updates without impacting its length or capacity. Figure 2 illustrates this.</p>
|
<p>If we print this slice, we get the elements within the range of the length, <code>[0 0 0]</code>. If we set <code>s[1]</code> to 1, the second element of the slice updates without impacting its length or capacity. Figure 2 illustrates this.</p>
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||||||
<figure>
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<figure>
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||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/slice-2.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/slice-2.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/slice-2.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/slice-2.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
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</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 2: Updating the slice’s second element: s[1] = 1.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 2: Updating the slice’s second element: s[1] = 1.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
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||||||
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@ -1102,7 +1100,7 @@
|
||||||
</span></code></pre></div>
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||||||
<p>This code appends to the existing <code>s</code> slice a new element. It uses the first grayed element (which was allocated but not yet used) to store element 2, as figure 3 shows.</p>
|
<p>This code appends to the existing <code>s</code> slice a new element. It uses the first grayed element (which was allocated but not yet used) to store element 2, as figure 3 shows.</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/slice-3.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/slice-3.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/slice-3.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/slice-3.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 3: Appending an element to s.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 3: Appending an element to s.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1115,7 +1113,7 @@
|
||||||
</span></code></pre></div>
|
</span></code></pre></div>
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||||||
<p>Because an array is a fixed-size structure, it can store the new elements until element 4. When we want to insert element 5, the array is already full: Go internally creates another array by doubling the capacity, copying all the elements, and then inserting element 5. Figure 4 shows this process.</p>
|
<p>Because an array is a fixed-size structure, it can store the new elements until element 4. When we want to insert element 5, the array is already full: Go internally creates another array by doubling the capacity, copying all the elements, and then inserting element 5. Figure 4 shows this process.</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/slice-4.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/slice-4.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/slice-4.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/slice-4.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 4: Because the initial backing array is full, Go creates another array and copies all the elements.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 4: Because the initial backing array is full, Go creates another array and copies all the elements.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
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|
||||||
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@ -1125,13 +1123,13 @@
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-5-2"><a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="nx">s2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">s1</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Slicing from indices 1 to 3</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-5-2"><a id="__codelineno-5-2" name="__codelineno-5-2" href="#__codelineno-5-2"></a><span class="nx">s2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">s1</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Slicing from indices 1 to 3</span>
|
||||||
</span></code></pre></div>
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/slice-5.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/slice-5.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/slice-5.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/slice-5.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 5: The slices s1 and s2 reference the same backing array with different lengths and capacities.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 5: The slices s1 and s2 reference the same backing array with different lengths and capacities.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
<p>First, <code>s1</code> is created as a three-length, six-capacity slice. When <code>s2</code> is created by slicing <code>s1</code>, both slices reference the same backing array. However, <code>s2</code> starts from a different index, 1. Therefore, its length and capacity (a two-length, five-capacity slice) differ from s1. If we update <code>s1[1]</code> or <code>s2[0]</code>, the change is made to the same array, hence, visible in both slices, as figure 6 shows.</p>
|
<p>First, <code>s1</code> is created as a three-length, six-capacity slice. When <code>s2</code> is created by slicing <code>s1</code>, both slices reference the same backing array. However, <code>s2</code> starts from a different index, 1. Therefore, its length and capacity (a two-length, five-capacity slice) differ from s1. If we update <code>s1[1]</code> or <code>s2[0]</code>, the change is made to the same array, hence, visible in both slices, as figure 6 shows.</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/slice-6.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/slice-6.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/slice-6.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/slice-6.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 6: Because s1 and s2 are backed by the same array, updating a common element makes the change visible in both slices.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 6: Because s1 and s2 are backed by the same array, updating a common element makes the change visible in both slices.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1140,7 +1138,7 @@
|
||||||
</span></code></pre></div>
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||||||
<p>The shared backing array is modified, but only the length of <code>s2</code> changes. Figure 7 shows the result of appending an element to <code>s2</code>.</p>
|
<p>The shared backing array is modified, but only the length of <code>s2</code> changes. Figure 7 shows the result of appending an element to <code>s2</code>.</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/slice-7.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/slice-7.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/slice-7.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/slice-7.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 7: Appending an element to s2.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 7: Appending an element to s2.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1159,7 +1157,7 @@
|
||||||
</span></code></pre></div>
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||||||
<p>This code leads to creating another backing array. Figure 8 displays the results in memory.</p>
|
<p>This code leads to creating another backing array. Figure 8 displays the results in memory.</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/slice-8.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/slice-8.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/slice-8.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/slice-8.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 8: Appending elements to s2 until the backing array is full.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 8: Appending elements to s2 until the backing array is full.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1186,20 +1184,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<h2 id="__comments">Comments</h2>
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</a>
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|
||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -197,7 +195,7 @@
|
||||||
<div class="md-select">
|
<div class="md-select">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</button>
|
</button>
|
||||||
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
||||||
<ul class="md-select__list">
|
<ul class="md-select__list">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -236,7 +234,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -245,20 +243,20 @@
|
||||||
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
|
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
|
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
|
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</button>
|
</button>
|
||||||
</nav>
|
</nav>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -284,7 +282,7 @@
|
||||||
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__repository">
|
<div class="md-source__repository">
|
||||||
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
||||||
|
|
@ -380,7 +378,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" >
|
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation">
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
|
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
|
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -403,7 +401,7 @@
|
||||||
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"></path></svg>
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
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<h1 id="maps-and-memory-leaks">Maps and memory leaks</h1>
|
<h1 id="maps-and-memory-leaks">Maps and memory leaks</h1>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/28-maps-memory-leaks.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/28-maps-memory-leaks.png" /></a></p>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/28-maps-memory-leaks.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/28-maps-memory-leaks.png"></a></p>
|
||||||
<p>When working with maps in Go, we need to understand some important characteristics of how a map grows and shrinks. Let’s delve into this to prevent issues that can cause memory leaks.</p>
|
<p>When working with maps in Go, we need to understand some important characteristics of how a map grows and shrinks. Let’s delve into this to prevent issues that can cause memory leaks.</p>
|
||||||
<p>First, to view a concrete example of this problem, let’s design a scenario where we will work with the following map:</p>
|
<p>First, to view a concrete example of this problem, let’s design a scenario where we will work with the following map:</p>
|
||||||
<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="nx">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">make</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="kt">byte</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="nx">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">make</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kd">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="kt">byte</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1109,7 +1107,7 @@
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-1-20"><a id="__codelineno-1-20" name="__codelineno-1-20" href="#__codelineno-1-20"></a><span class="kd">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">printAlloc</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-1-20"><a id="__codelineno-1-20" name="__codelineno-1-20" href="#__codelineno-1-20"></a><span class="kd">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">printAlloc</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-1-21"><a id="__codelineno-1-21" name="__codelineno-1-21" href="#__codelineno-1-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">runtime</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">MemStats</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-1-21"><a id="__codelineno-1-21" name="__codelineno-1-21" href="#__codelineno-1-21"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">runtime</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">MemStats</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-1-22"><a id="__codelineno-1-22" name="__codelineno-1-22" href="#__codelineno-1-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">runtime</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">ReadMemStats</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="nx">m</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-1-22"><a id="__codelineno-1-22" name="__codelineno-1-22" href="#__codelineno-1-22"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">runtime</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">ReadMemStats</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="nx">m</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-1-23"><a id="__codelineno-1-23" name="__codelineno-1-23" href="#__codelineno-1-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"%d MB\n"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">m</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Alloc</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-1-23"><a id="__codelineno-1-23" name="__codelineno-1-23" href="#__codelineno-1-23"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"%d MB\n"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">m</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Alloc</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-1-24"><a id="__codelineno-1-24" name="__codelineno-1-24" href="#__codelineno-1-24"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-1-24"><a id="__codelineno-1-24" name="__codelineno-1-24" href="#__codelineno-1-24"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
||||||
</span></code></pre></div>
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||||||
<p>We allocate an empty map, add 1 million elements, remove 1 million elements, and then run a <abbr title="Garbage Collector">GC</abbr>. We also make sure to keep a reference to the map using <a href="https://pkg.go.dev/runtime#KeepAlive"><code>runtime.KeepAlive</code></a> so that the map isn’t collected as well. Let’s run this example:</p>
|
<p>We allocate an empty map, add 1 million elements, remove 1 million elements, and then run a <abbr title="Garbage Collector">GC</abbr>. We also make sure to keep a reference to the map using <a href="https://pkg.go.dev/runtime#KeepAlive"><code>runtime.KeepAlive</code></a> so that the map isn’t collected as well. Let’s run this example:</p>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1120,13 +1118,13 @@
|
||||||
<p>What can we observe? At first, the heap size is minimal. Then it grows significantly after having added 1 million elements to the map. But if we expected the heap size to decrease after removing all the elements, this isn’t how maps work in Go. In the end, even though the <abbr title="Garbage Collector">GC</abbr> has collected all the elements, the heap size is still 293 MB. So the memory shrunk, but not as we might have expected. What’s the rationale? We need to delve into how a map works in Go.</p>
|
<p>What can we observe? At first, the heap size is minimal. Then it grows significantly after having added 1 million elements to the map. But if we expected the heap size to decrease after removing all the elements, this isn’t how maps work in Go. In the end, even though the <abbr title="Garbage Collector">GC</abbr> has collected all the elements, the heap size is still 293 MB. So the memory shrunk, but not as we might have expected. What’s the rationale? We need to delve into how a map works in Go.</p>
|
||||||
<p>A map provides an unordered collection of key-value pairs in which all the keys are distinct. In Go, a map is based on the hash table data structure: an array where each element is a pointer to a bucket of key-value pairs, as shown in figure 1.</p>
|
<p>A map provides an unordered collection of key-value pairs in which all the keys are distinct. In Go, a map is based on the hash table data structure: an array where each element is a pointer to a bucket of key-value pairs, as shown in figure 1.</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/map-leak-1.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/map-leak-1.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/map-leak-1.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/map-leak-1.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 1: A hash table example with a focus on bucket 0.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 1: A hash table example with a focus on bucket 0.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
<p>Each bucket is a fixed-size array of eight elements. In the case of an insertion into a bucket that is already full (a bucket overflow), Go creates another bucket of eight elements and links the previous one to it. Figure 2 shows an example:</p>
|
<p>Each bucket is a fixed-size array of eight elements. In the case of an insertion into a bucket that is already full (a bucket overflow), Go creates another bucket of eight elements and links the previous one to it. Figure 2 shows an example:</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/map-leak-2.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/map-leak-2.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/map-leak-2.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/map-leak-2.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 2: In case of a bucket overflow, Go allocates a new bucket and links the previous bucket to it.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 2: In case of a bucket overflow, Go allocates a new bucket and links the previous bucket to it.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
|
|
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|
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<h2 id="__comments">Comments</h2>
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<h2 id="__comments">Comments</h2>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M459.4 151.7c.3 4.5.3 9.1.3 13.6 0 138.7-105.6 298.6-298.6 298.6-59.5 0-114.7-17.2-161.1-47.1 8.4 1 16.6 1.3 25.3 1.3 49.1 0 94.2-16.6 130.3-44.8-46.1-1-84.8-31.2-98.1-72.8 6.5 1 13 1.6 19.8 1.6 9.4 0 18.8-1.3 27.6-3.6-48.1-9.7-84.1-52-84.1-103v-1.3c14 7.8 30.2 12.7 47.4 13.3-28.3-18.8-46.8-51-46.8-87.4 0-19.5 5.2-37.4 14.3-53C87.4 130.8 165 172.4 252.1 176.9c-1.6-7.8-2.6-15.9-2.6-24C249.5 95.1 296.3 48 354.4 48c30.2 0 57.5 12.7 76.7 33.1 23.7-4.5 46.5-13.3 66.6-25.3-7.8 24.4-24.4 44.8-46.1 57.8 21.1-2.3 41.6-8.1 60.4-16.2-14.3 20.8-32.2 39.3-52.6 54.3"></path></svg>
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<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "..", "features": ["navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "search.highlight", "search.share", "search.suggest", "content.code.copy", "navigation.expand", "navigation.sections", "announce.dismiss", "toc.follow", "content.code.annotate", "content.tooltips"], "search": "../assets/javascripts/workers/search.d50fe291.min.js", "tags": null, "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}, "version": null}</script>
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<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "..", "features": ["navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "search.highlight", "search.share", "search.suggest", "content.code.copy", "navigation.expand", "navigation.sections", "announce.dismiss", "toc.follow", "content.code.annotate", "content.tooltips"], "search": "../assets/javascripts/workers/search.973d3a69.min.js", "tags": null, "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}, "version": null}</script>
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<script id="init-glightbox">const lightbox = GLightbox({"touchNavigation": true, "loop": false, "zoomable": true, "draggable": true, "openEffect": "zoom", "closeEffect": "zoom", "slideEffect": "slide"});
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<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
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||||||
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M459.4 151.7c.3 4.5.3 9.1.3 13.6 0 138.7-105.6 298.6-298.6 298.6-59.5 0-114.7-17.2-161.1-47.1 8.4 1 16.6 1.3 25.3 1.3 49.1 0 94.2-16.6 130.3-44.8-46.1-1-84.8-31.2-98.1-72.8 6.5 1 13 1.6 19.8 1.6 9.4 0 18.8-1.3 27.6-3.6-48.1-9.7-84.1-52-84.1-103v-1.3c14 7.8 30.2 12.7 47.4 13.3-28.3-18.8-46.8-51-46.8-87.4 0-19.5 5.2-37.4 14.3-53C87.4 130.8 165 172.4 252.1 176.9c-1.6-7.8-2.6-15.9-2.6-24C249.5 95.1 296.3 48 354.4 48c30.2 0 57.5 12.7 76.7 33.1 23.7-4.5 46.5-13.3 66.6-25.3-7.8 24.4-24.4 44.8-46.1 57.8 21.1-2.3 41.6-8.1 60.4-16.2-14.3 20.8-32.2 39.3-52.6 54.3"/></svg>
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<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "/", "features": ["navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "search.highlight", "search.share", "search.suggest", "content.code.copy", "navigation.expand", "navigation.sections", "announce.dismiss", "toc.follow", "content.code.annotate", "content.tooltips"], "search": "/assets/javascripts/workers/search.d50fe291.min.js", "tags": null, "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}, "version": null}</script>
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<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "/", "features": ["navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "search.highlight", "search.share", "search.suggest", "content.code.copy", "navigation.expand", "navigation.sections", "announce.dismiss", "toc.follow", "content.code.annotate", "content.tooltips"], "search": "/assets/javascripts/workers/search.973d3a69.min.js", "tags": null, "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}, "version": null}</script>
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<script src="/assets/javascripts/bundle.13a4f30d.min.js"></script>
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<script src="/assets/javascripts/bundle.f55a23d4.min.js"></script>
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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" class="no-js"><head>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
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<link rel="icon" href="../img/Go-Logo_LightBlue.svg">
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<link rel="icon" href="../img/Go-Logo_LightBlue.svg">
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||||||
<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.14">
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<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.20">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/main.342714a4.min.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css">
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@ -43,7 +40,7 @@
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<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
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<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
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||||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
|
||||||
<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
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<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
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@ -67,42 +64,43 @@
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||||||
<meta property="og:type" content="website" >
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<meta property="og:type" content="website">
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||||||
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||||||
<meta property="og:title" content="Interface pollution (#5) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them" >
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<meta property="og:title" content="Interface pollution (#5) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them">
|
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||||||
<meta property="og:description" content="None" >
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<meta property="og:description" content="None">
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<meta property="og:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/5-interface-pollution.png" >
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<meta property="og:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/5-interface-pollution.png">
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<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" >
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<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" >
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<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200">
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<meta property="og:image:height" content="630" >
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<meta property="og:image:height" content="630">
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<meta property="og:url" content="https://100go.co/5-interface-pollution/" >
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<meta property="og:url" content="https://100go.co/5-interface-pollution/">
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<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" >
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<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Interface pollution (#5) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them" >
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Interface pollution (#5) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them">
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="None" >
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<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/5-interface-pollution.png" >
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<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/5-interface-pollution.png">
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||||||
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||||||
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|
||||||
<link href="../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/><style>
|
<link href="../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"><script src="../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script><style id="glightbox-style">
|
||||||
html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
|
html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
|
||||||
.gslide-title { margin-top: 0px; user-select: text; }
|
.gslide-title { margin-top: 0px; user-select: text; }
|
||||||
.gslide-desc { color: #666; user-select: text; }
|
.gslide-desc { color: #666; user-select: text; }
|
||||||
.gslide-image img { background: white; }
|
.gslide-image img { background: white; }
|
||||||
.gscrollbar-fixer { padding-right: 15px; }
|
.gscrollbar-fixer { padding-right: 15px; }
|
||||||
.gdesc-inner { font-size: 0.75rem; }
|
.gdesc-inner { font-size: 0.75rem; }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color);}
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color); }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color); }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}</style> <script src="../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script></head>
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color); }
|
||||||
|
</style></head>
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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||||||
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|
||||||
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|
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|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
|
||||||
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|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
|
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
|
||||||
<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
|
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|
||||||
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|
@ -169,20 +167,20 @@
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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||||||
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|
||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
|
|
@ -197,7 +195,7 @@
|
||||||
<div class="md-select">
|
<div class="md-select">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</button>
|
</button>
|
||||||
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
||||||
<ul class="md-select__list">
|
<ul class="md-select__list">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -236,7 +234,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -245,20 +243,20 @@
|
||||||
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
|
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
|
||||||
|
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"></path></svg>
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
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<h1 id="interface-pollution">Interface pollution</h1>
|
<h1 id="interface-pollution">Interface pollution</h1>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/interface-pollution.jpeg" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/interface-pollution.jpeg" /></a></p>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/interface-pollution.jpeg" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/interface-pollution.jpeg"></a></p>
|
||||||
<p>Interfaces are one of the cornerstones of the Go language when designing and structuring our code. However, like many tools or concepts, abusing them is generally not a good idea. Interface pollution is about overwhelming our code with unnecessary abstractions, making it harder to understand. It’s a common mistake made by developers coming from another language with different habits. Before delving into the topic, let’s refresh our minds about Go’s interfaces. Then, we will see when it’s appropriate to use interfaces and when it may be considered pollution.</p>
|
<p>Interfaces are one of the cornerstones of the Go language when designing and structuring our code. However, like many tools or concepts, abusing them is generally not a good idea. Interface pollution is about overwhelming our code with unnecessary abstractions, making it harder to understand. It’s a common mistake made by developers coming from another language with different habits. Before delving into the topic, let’s refresh our minds about Go’s interfaces. Then, we will see when it’s appropriate to use interfaces and when it may be considered pollution.</p>
|
||||||
<h2 id="concepts">Concepts</h2>
|
<h2 id="concepts">Concepts</h2>
|
||||||
<p>An interface provides a way to specify the behavior of an object. We use interfaces to create common abstractions that multiple objects can implement. What makes Go interfaces so different is that they are satisfied implicitly. There is no explicit keyword like <code>implements</code> to mark that an object X implements interface Y.</p>
|
<p>An interface provides a way to specify the behavior of an object. We use interfaces to create common abstractions that multiple objects can implement. What makes Go interfaces so different is that they are satisfied implicitly. There is no explicit keyword like <code>implements</code> to mark that an object X implements interface Y.</p>
|
||||||
<p>To understand what makes interfaces so powerful, we will dig into two popular ones from the standard library: <code>io.Reader</code> and <code>io.Writer</code>. The <code>io</code> package provides abstractions for I/O primitives. Among these abstractions, <code>io.Reader</code> relates to reading data from a data source and <code>io.Writer</code> to writing data to a target, as represented in the next figure:</p>
|
<p>To understand what makes interfaces so powerful, we will dig into two popular ones from the standard library: <code>io.Reader</code> and <code>io.Writer</code>. The <code>io</code> package provides abstractions for I/O primitives. Among these abstractions, <code>io.Reader</code> relates to reading data from a data source and <code>io.Writer</code> to writing data to a target, as represented in the next figure:</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/ioreaderwriter.svg" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/ioreaderwriter.svg" /></a></p>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/ioreaderwriter.svg" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/ioreaderwriter.svg"></a></p>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
<p>The <code>io.Reader</code> contains a single Read method:</p>
|
<p>The <code>io.Reader</code> contains a single Read method:</p>
|
||||||
<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kd">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Reader</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kd">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Reader</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">interface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
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@ -1276,7 +1274,7 @@
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||||||
<p>This function would work with <code>*os.File</code> parameters (as <code>*os.File</code> implements both <code>io.Reader</code> and <code>io.Writer</code>) and any other type that would implement these interfaces. For example, we could create our own <code>io.Writer</code> that writes to a database, and the code would remain the same. It increases the genericity of the function; hence, its reusability.</p>
|
<p>This function would work with <code>*os.File</code> parameters (as <code>*os.File</code> implements both <code>io.Reader</code> and <code>io.Writer</code>) and any other type that would implement these interfaces. For example, we could create our own <code>io.Writer</code> that writes to a database, and the code would remain the same. It increases the genericity of the function; hence, its reusability.</p>
|
||||||
<p>Furthermore, writing a unit test for this function is easier because, instead of having to handle files, we can use the <code>strings</code> and <code>bytes</code> packages that provide helpful implementations:</p>
|
<p>Furthermore, writing a unit test for this function is easier because, instead of having to handle files, we can use the <code>strings</code> and <code>bytes</code> packages that provide helpful implementations:</p>
|
||||||
<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-3-1"><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="kd">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">TestCopySourceToDest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">testing</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">T</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-3-1"><a id="__codelineno-3-1" name="__codelineno-3-1" href="#__codelineno-3-1"></a><span class="kd">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">TestCopySourceToDest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">testing</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">T</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-3-2"><a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"foo"</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-3-2"><a id="__codelineno-3-2" name="__codelineno-3-2" href="#__codelineno-3-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"foo"</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-3-3"><a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">source</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">strings</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">NewReader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">input</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Creates an io.Reader</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-3-3"><a id="__codelineno-3-3" name="__codelineno-3-3" href="#__codelineno-3-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">source</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">strings</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">NewReader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">input</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Creates an io.Reader</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-3-4"><a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dest</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">bytes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">NewBuffer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">make</span><span class="p">([]</span><span class="kt">byte</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Creates an io.Writer</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-3-4"><a id="__codelineno-3-4" name="__codelineno-3-4" href="#__codelineno-3-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dest</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">bytes</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">NewBuffer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">make</span><span class="p">([]</span><span class="kt">byte</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Creates an io.Writer</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-3-5"><a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a>
|
</span><span id="__span-3-5"><a id="__codelineno-3-5" name="__codelineno-3-5" href="#__codelineno-3-5"></a>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1287,7 +1285,7 @@
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-3-10"><a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10" href="#__codelineno-3-10"></a>
|
</span><span id="__span-3-10"><a id="__codelineno-3-10" name="__codelineno-3-10" href="#__codelineno-3-10"></a>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-3-11"><a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11" href="#__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">got</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dest</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">String</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-3-11"><a id="__codelineno-3-11" name="__codelineno-3-11" href="#__codelineno-3-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">got</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">dest</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">String</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-3-12"><a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12" href="#__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">got</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-3-12"><a id="__codelineno-3-12" name="__codelineno-3-12" href="#__codelineno-3-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">got</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-3-13"><a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13" href="#__codelineno-3-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Errorf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected: %s, got: %s"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">input</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">got</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-3-13"><a id="__codelineno-3-13" name="__codelineno-3-13" href="#__codelineno-3-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Errorf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"expected: %s, got: %s"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">input</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">got</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-3-14"><a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14" href="#__codelineno-3-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-3-14"><a id="__codelineno-3-14" name="__codelineno-3-14" href="#__codelineno-3-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-3-15"><a id="__codelineno-3-15" name="__codelineno-3-15" href="#__codelineno-3-15"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-3-15"><a id="__codelineno-3-15" name="__codelineno-3-15" href="#__codelineno-3-15"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
||||||
</span></code></pre></div>
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||||||
|
|
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|
||||||
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||||||
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</a>
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|
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||||||
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<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/56-concurrency-faster.png" >
|
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/56-concurrency-faster.png">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<link href="../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/><style>
|
<link href="../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"><script src="../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script><style id="glightbox-style">
|
||||||
html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
|
html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
|
||||||
.gslide-title { margin-top: 0px; user-select: text; }
|
.gslide-title { margin-top: 0px; user-select: text; }
|
||||||
.gslide-desc { color: #666; user-select: text; }
|
.gslide-desc { color: #666; user-select: text; }
|
||||||
.gslide-image img { background: white; }
|
.gslide-image img { background: white; }
|
||||||
.gscrollbar-fixer { padding-right: 15px; }
|
.gscrollbar-fixer { padding-right: 15px; }
|
||||||
.gdesc-inner { font-size: 0.75rem; }
|
.gdesc-inner { font-size: 0.75rem; }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color);}
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color); }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color); }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}</style> <script src="../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script></head>
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color); }
|
||||||
|
</style></head>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -144,7 +142,7 @@
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
|
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
|
||||||
<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
|
<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -169,20 +167,20 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -197,7 +195,7 @@
|
||||||
<div class="md-select">
|
<div class="md-select">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</button>
|
</button>
|
||||||
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
||||||
<ul class="md-select__list">
|
<ul class="md-select__list">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -236,7 +234,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -245,20 +243,20 @@
|
||||||
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
|
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
|
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
|
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</button>
|
</button>
|
||||||
</nav>
|
</nav>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -284,7 +282,7 @@
|
||||||
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__repository">
|
<div class="md-source__repository">
|
||||||
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
||||||
|
|
@ -380,7 +378,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" >
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
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<h1 id="thinking-concurrency-is-always-faster">Thinking concurrency is always faster</h1>
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<h1 id="thinking-concurrency-is-always-faster">Thinking concurrency is always faster</h1>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/56-concurrency-faster.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/56-concurrency-faster.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/56-concurrency-faster.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/56-concurrency-faster.png"></a></p>
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<p>A misconception among many developers is believing that a concurrent solution is always faster than a sequential one. This couldn’t be more wrong. The overall performance of a solution depends on many factors, such as the efficiency of our code structure (concurrency), which parts can be tackled in parallel, and the level of contention among the computation units. This post reminds us about some fundamental knowledge of concurrency in Go; then we will see a concrete example where a concurrent solution isn’t necessarily faster.</p>
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<p>A misconception among many developers is believing that a concurrent solution is always faster than a sequential one. This couldn’t be more wrong. The overall performance of a solution depends on many factors, such as the efficiency of our code structure (concurrency), which parts can be tackled in parallel, and the level of contention among the computation units. This post reminds us about some fundamental knowledge of concurrency in Go; then we will see a concrete example where a concurrent solution isn’t necessarily faster.</p>
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<h2 id="go-scheduling">Go Scheduling</h2>
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<h2 id="go-scheduling">Go Scheduling</h2>
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<p>A thread is the smallest unit of processing that an OS can perform. If a process wants to execute multiple actions simultaneously, it spins up multiple threads. These threads can be:</p>
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<p>A thread is the smallest unit of processing that an OS can perform. If a process wants to execute multiple actions simultaneously, it spins up multiple threads. These threads can be:</p>
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<p>There’s one last stage to understand about the implementation of Go scheduling: when a goroutine is created but cannot be executed yet; for example, all the other Ms are already executing a G. In this scenario, what will the Go runtime do about it? The answer is queuing. The Go runtime handles two kinds of queues: one local queue per P and a global queue shared among all the Ps.</p>
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<p>There’s one last stage to understand about the implementation of Go scheduling: when a goroutine is created but cannot be executed yet; for example, all the other Ms are already executing a G. In this scenario, what will the Go runtime do about it? The answer is queuing. The Go runtime handles two kinds of queues: one local queue per P and a global queue shared among all the Ps.</p>
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<p>Figure 1 shows a given scheduling situation on a four-core machine with <abbr title="The variable defines the limit of OS threads in charge of executing user-level code simultaneously">GOMAXPROCS</abbr> equal to 4. The parts are the logical cores (Ps), goroutines (Gs), OS threads (Ms), local queues, and global queue:</p>
|
<p>Figure 1 shows a given scheduling situation on a four-core machine with <abbr title="The variable defines the limit of OS threads in charge of executing user-level code simultaneously">GOMAXPROCS</abbr> equal to 4. The parts are the logical cores (Ps), goroutines (Gs), OS threads (Ms), local queues, and global queue:</p>
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<figure>
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<figure>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/go-scheduler.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/go-scheduler.png" /></a>
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<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/go-scheduler.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/go-scheduler.png"></a>
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<figcaption>Figure 1: An example of the current state of a Go application executed on a four-core machine. Goroutines that aren’t in an executing state are either runnable (pending being executed) or waiting (pending a blocking operation)</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 1: An example of the current state of a Go application executed on a four-core machine. Goroutines that aren’t in an executing state are either runnable (pending being executed) or waiting (pending a blocking operation)</figcaption>
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<p>First, let’s briefly review how the merge sort algorithm works. Then we will implement a parallel version. Note that the objective isn’t to implement the most efficient version but to support a concrete example showing why concurrency isn’t always faster.</p>
|
<p>First, let’s briefly review how the merge sort algorithm works. Then we will implement a parallel version. Note that the objective isn’t to implement the most efficient version but to support a concrete example showing why concurrency isn’t always faster.</p>
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||||||
<p>The merge sort algorithm works by breaking a list repeatedly into two sublists until each sublist consists of a single element and then merging these sublists so that the result is a sorted list (see figure 2). Each split operation splits the list into two sublists, whereas the merge operation merges two sublists into a sorted list.</p>
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<p>The merge sort algorithm works by breaking a list repeatedly into two sublists until each sublist consists of a single element and then merging these sublists so that the result is a sorted list (see figure 2). Each split operation splits the list into two sublists, whereas the merge operation merges two sublists into a sorted list.</p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/mergesort.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/mergesort.png" /></a>
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<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/mergesort.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/mergesort.png"></a>
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</p>
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<figcaption>Figure 2: Applying the merge sort algorithm repeatedly breaks each list into two sublists. Then the algorithm uses a merge operation such that the resulting list is sorted</figcaption>
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<figcaption>Figure 2: Applying the merge sort algorithm repeatedly breaks each list into two sublists. Then the algorithm uses a merge operation such that the resulting list is sorted</figcaption>
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Copyright © 2022 - 2024 Teiva Harsanyi
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||||||
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||||||
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||||||
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||||||
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||||||
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<link rel="icon" href="../img/Go-Logo_LightBlue.svg">
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||||||
<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.14">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/main.342714a4.min.css">
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||||||
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||||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
|
||||||
<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
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<meta property="og:type" content="website" >
|
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
|
||||||
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|
||||||
<meta property="og:title" content="Writing inaccurate benchmarks (#89) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them" >
|
<meta property="og:title" content="Writing inaccurate benchmarks (#89) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them">
|
||||||
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|
||||||
<meta property="og:description" content="None" >
|
<meta property="og:description" content="None">
|
||||||
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||||||
<meta property="og:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/89-benchmarks.png" >
|
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<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" >
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<meta property="og:image:height" content="630" >
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||||||
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||||||
<meta property="og:url" content="https://100go.co/89-benchmarks/" >
|
<meta property="og:url" content="https://100go.co/89-benchmarks/">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" >
|
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
|
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|
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Writing inaccurate benchmarks (#89) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them" >
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Writing inaccurate benchmarks (#89) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them">
|
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|
||||||
<meta name="twitter:description" content="None" >
|
<meta name="twitter:description" content="None">
|
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|
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<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/89-benchmarks.png" >
|
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/89-benchmarks.png">
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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||||||
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|
||||||
<link href="../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/><style>
|
<link href="../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"><script src="../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script><style id="glightbox-style">
|
||||||
html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
|
html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
|
||||||
.gslide-title { margin-top: 0px; user-select: text; }
|
.gslide-title { margin-top: 0px; user-select: text; }
|
||||||
.gslide-desc { color: #666; user-select: text; }
|
.gslide-desc { color: #666; user-select: text; }
|
||||||
.gslide-image img { background: white; }
|
.gslide-image img { background: white; }
|
||||||
.gscrollbar-fixer { padding-right: 15px; }
|
.gscrollbar-fixer { padding-right: 15px; }
|
||||||
.gdesc-inner { font-size: 0.75rem; }
|
.gdesc-inner { font-size: 0.75rem; }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color);}
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color); }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color); }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}</style> <script src="../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script></head>
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color); }
|
||||||
|
</style></head>
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
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|
||||||
</a>
|
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|
||||||
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|
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
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|
||||||
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
|
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
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||||||
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|
||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
@ -197,7 +195,7 @@
|
||||||
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|
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</button>
|
</button>
|
||||||
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
||||||
<ul class="md-select__list">
|
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|
||||||
|
|
@ -236,7 +234,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -245,20 +243,20 @@
|
||||||
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
|
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
|
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
|
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</button>
|
</button>
|
||||||
</nav>
|
</nav>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -284,7 +282,7 @@
|
||||||
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
||||||
|
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<h1 id="writing-inaccurate-benchmarks">Writing inaccurate benchmarks</h1>
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<h1 id="writing-inaccurate-benchmarks">Writing inaccurate benchmarks</h1>
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||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/89-benchmarks.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/89-benchmarks.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/89-benchmarks.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/89-benchmarks.png"></a></p>
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<p>In general, we should never guess about performance. When writing optimizations, so many factors may come into play that even if we have a strong opinion about the results, it’s rarely a bad idea to test them. However, writing benchmarks isn’t straightforward. It can be pretty simple to write inaccurate benchmarks and make wrong assumptions based on them. The goal of this post is to examine four common and concrete traps leading to inaccuracy:</p>
|
<p>In general, we should never guess about performance. When writing optimizations, so many factors may come into play that even if we have a strong opinion about the results, it’s rarely a bad idea to test them. However, writing benchmarks isn’t straightforward. It can be pretty simple to write inaccurate benchmarks and make wrong assumptions based on them. The goal of this post is to examine four common and concrete traps leading to inaccuracy:</p>
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<ul>
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<ul>
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<li>Not resetting or pausing the timer</li>
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<li>Not resetting or pausing the timer</li>
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|
||||||
<p>In physics, the observer effect is the disturbance of an observed system by the act of observation. This effect can also be seen in benchmarks and can lead to wrong assumptions about results. Let’s look at a concrete example and then try to mitigate it.</p>
|
<p>In physics, the observer effect is the disturbance of an observed system by the act of observation. This effect can also be seen in benchmarks and can lead to wrong assumptions about results. Let’s look at a concrete example and then try to mitigate it.</p>
|
||||||
<p>We want to implement a function receiving a matrix of <code>int64</code> elements. This matrix has a fixed number of 512 columns, and we want to compute the total sum of the first eight columns, as shown in figure 1.</p>
|
<p>We want to implement a function receiving a matrix of <code>int64</code> elements. This matrix has a fixed number of 512 columns, and we want to compute the total sum of the first eight columns, as shown in figure 1.</p>
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<figure>
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<figure>
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||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/matrix.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/matrix.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/matrix.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/matrix.png"></a>
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</p>
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</p>
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<figcaption>Figure 1: Computing the sum of the first eight columns.</figcaption>
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<figcaption>Figure 1: Computing the sum of the first eight columns.</figcaption>
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<h2 id="__comments">Comments</h2>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M459.4 151.7c.3 4.5.3 9.1.3 13.6 0 138.7-105.6 298.6-298.6 298.6-59.5 0-114.7-17.2-161.1-47.1 8.4 1 16.6 1.3 25.3 1.3 49.1 0 94.2-16.6 130.3-44.8-46.1-1-84.8-31.2-98.1-72.8 6.5 1 13 1.6 19.8 1.6 9.4 0 18.8-1.3 27.6-3.6-48.1-9.7-84.1-52-84.1-103v-1.3c14 7.8 30.2 12.7 47.4 13.3-28.3-18.8-46.8-51-46.8-87.4 0-19.5 5.2-37.4 14.3-53C87.4 130.8 165 172.4 252.1 176.9c-1.6-7.8-2.6-15.9-2.6-24C249.5 95.1 296.3 48 354.4 48c30.2 0 57.5 12.7 76.7 33.1 23.7-4.5 46.5-13.3 66.6-25.3-7.8 24.4-24.4 44.8-46.1 57.8 21.1-2.3 41.6-8.1 60.4-16.2-14.3 20.8-32.2 39.3-52.6 54.3"></path></svg>
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<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "..", "features": ["navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "search.highlight", "search.share", "search.suggest", "content.code.copy", "navigation.expand", "navigation.sections", "announce.dismiss", "toc.follow", "content.code.annotate", "content.tooltips"], "search": "../assets/javascripts/workers/search.d50fe291.min.js", "tags": null, "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}, "version": null}</script>
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<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "..", "features": ["navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "search.highlight", "search.share", "search.suggest", "content.code.copy", "navigation.expand", "navigation.sections", "announce.dismiss", "toc.follow", "content.code.annotate", "content.tooltips"], "search": "../assets/javascripts/workers/search.973d3a69.min.js", "tags": null, "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}, "version": null}</script>
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<script src="../assets/javascripts/bundle.13a4f30d.min.js"></script>
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<script src="../assets/javascripts/bundle.f55a23d4.min.js"></script>
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<script>document$.subscribe(() => {const lightbox = GLightbox({"touchNavigation": true, "loop": false, "zoomable": true, "draggable": true, "openEffect": "zoom", "closeEffect": "zoom", "slideEffect": "slide"});})</script></body>
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</html>
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<script id="init-glightbox">const lightbox = GLightbox({"touchNavigation": true, "loop": false, "zoomable": true, "draggable": true, "openEffect": "zoom", "closeEffect": "zoom", "slideEffect": "slide"});
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document$.subscribe(()=>{ lightbox.reload(); });
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<link rel="icon" href="../img/Go-Logo_LightBlue.svg">
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<link rel="icon" href="../img/Go-Logo_LightBlue.svg">
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<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.14">
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<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.20">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/main.342714a4.min.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css">
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<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
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<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
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<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
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<meta property="og:type" content="website" >
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<meta property="og:type" content="website">
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<meta property="og:title" content="Being confused about when to use generics (#9) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them" >
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<meta property="og:title" content="Being confused about when to use generics (#9) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them">
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<meta property="og:description" content="None" >
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<meta property="og:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/9-generics.png" >
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<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" >
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<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" >
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<meta property="og:image:height" content="630" >
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<meta property="og:url" content="https://100go.co/9-generics/" >
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<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" >
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Being confused about when to use generics (#9) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them" >
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||||||
<link href="../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/><style>
|
<link href="../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"><script src="../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script><style id="glightbox-style">
|
||||||
html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
|
html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
|
||||||
.gslide-title { margin-top: 0px; user-select: text; }
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.gslide-title { margin-top: 0px; user-select: text; }
|
||||||
.gslide-desc { color: #666; user-select: text; }
|
.gslide-desc { color: #666; user-select: text; }
|
||||||
.gslide-image img { background: white; }
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.gslide-image img { background: white; }
|
||||||
.gscrollbar-fixer { padding-right: 15px; }
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.gscrollbar-fixer { padding-right: 15px; }
|
||||||
.gdesc-inner { font-size: 0.75rem; }
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.gdesc-inner { font-size: 0.75rem; }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color);}
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color); }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color); }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}</style> <script src="../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script></head>
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color); }
|
||||||
|
</style></head>
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
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||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
|
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
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|
||||||
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||||||
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||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
||||||
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||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
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@ -197,7 +195,7 @@
|
||||||
<div class="md-select">
|
<div class="md-select">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</button>
|
</button>
|
||||||
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
||||||
<ul class="md-select__list">
|
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|
||||||
|
|
@ -236,7 +234,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -245,20 +243,20 @@
|
||||||
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
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<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
|
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"></path></svg>
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
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<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"></path></svg>
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
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<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-1-1"><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kd">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">getKeys</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">any</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">([]</span><span class="kt">any</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">error</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-1-1"><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kd">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">getKeys</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">any</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">([]</span><span class="kt">any</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">error</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-1-2"><a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">m</span><span class="p">.(</span><span class="kd">type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-1-2"><a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">switch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">m</span><span class="p">.(</span><span class="kd">type</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-1-3"><a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-1-3"><a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-1-4"><a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">nil</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Errorf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"unknown type: %T"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">t</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-1-4"><a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">nil</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Errorf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"unknown type: %T"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">t</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-1-5"><a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">case</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-1-5"><a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">case</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-1-6"><a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">keys</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="kt">any</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-1-6"><a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">keys</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="kt">any</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-1-7"><a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7" href="#__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">k</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">range</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-1-7"><a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7" href="#__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">k</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">range</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1241,9 +1239,9 @@
|
||||||
<p>First, we define a <code>customConstraint</code> interface to restrict the types to be either <code>int</code> or <code>string</code> using the union operator <code>|</code> (we will discuss the use of <code>~</code> a bit later). Then, <code>K</code> is now a <code>customConstraint</code> instead of a <code>comparable</code> as before.</p>
|
<p>First, we define a <code>customConstraint</code> interface to restrict the types to be either <code>int</code> or <code>string</code> using the union operator <code>|</code> (we will discuss the use of <code>~</code> a bit later). Then, <code>K</code> is now a <code>customConstraint</code> instead of a <code>comparable</code> as before.</p>
|
||||||
<p>Now, the signature of <code>getKeys</code> enforces that we can call it with a map of any value type, but the key type has to be an <code>int</code> or a <code>string</code>. For example, on the caller-side:</p>
|
<p>Now, the signature of <code>getKeys</code> enforces that we can call it with a map of any value type, but the key type has to be an <code>int</code> or a <code>string</code>. For example, on the caller-side:</p>
|
||||||
<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-6-1"><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="nx">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">{</span>
|
<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-6-1"><a id="__codelineno-6-1" name="__codelineno-6-1" href="#__codelineno-6-1"></a><span class="nx">m</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">map</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-6-2"><a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2" href="#__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"one"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-6-2"><a id="__codelineno-6-2" name="__codelineno-6-2" href="#__codelineno-6-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"one"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-6-3"><a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3" href="#__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"two"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-6-3"><a id="__codelineno-6-3" name="__codelineno-6-3" href="#__codelineno-6-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"two"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-6-4"><a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4" href="#__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"three"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-6-4"><a id="__codelineno-6-4" name="__codelineno-6-4" href="#__codelineno-6-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"three"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-6-5"><a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5" href="#__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-6-5"><a id="__codelineno-6-5" name="__codelineno-6-5" href="#__codelineno-6-5"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-6-6"><a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6" href="#__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="nx">keys</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">getKeys</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">m</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-6-6"><a id="__codelineno-6-6" name="__codelineno-6-6" href="#__codelineno-6-6"></a><span class="nx">keys</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">getKeys</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">m</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||||
</span></code></pre></div>
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||||||
|
|
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|
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body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}
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body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color); }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}</style> <script src="../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script></head>
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color); }
|
||||||
|
</style></head>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -144,7 +142,7 @@
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
|
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
|
||||||
<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
|
<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -169,20 +167,20 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -197,7 +195,7 @@
|
||||||
<div class="md-select">
|
<div class="md-select">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</button>
|
</button>
|
||||||
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
||||||
<ul class="md-select__list">
|
<ul class="md-select__list">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -236,7 +234,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -245,20 +243,20 @@
|
||||||
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
|
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
|
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
|
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</button>
|
</button>
|
||||||
</nav>
|
</nav>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -284,7 +282,7 @@
|
||||||
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__repository">
|
<div class="md-source__repository">
|
||||||
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
||||||
|
|
@ -380,7 +378,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" >
|
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation">
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
|
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
|
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -403,7 +401,7 @@
|
||||||
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
||||||
|
|
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
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<h1 id="writing-concurrent-code-that-leads-to-false-sharing">Writing concurrent code that leads to false sharing</h1>
|
<h1 id="writing-concurrent-code-that-leads-to-false-sharing">Writing concurrent code that leads to false sharing</h1>
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||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/false-sharing.jpeg" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/false-sharing.jpeg" /></a></p>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/false-sharing.jpeg" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/false-sharing.jpeg"></a></p>
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<p>In previous sections, we have discussed the fundamental concepts of CPU caching. We have seen that some specific caches (typically, L1 and L2) aren’t shared among all the logical cores but are specific to a physical core. This specificity has some concrete impacts such as concurrency and the concept of false sharing, which can lead to a significant performance decrease. Let’s look at what false sharing is via an example and then see how to prevent it.</p>
|
<p>In previous sections, we have discussed the fundamental concepts of CPU caching. We have seen that some specific caches (typically, L1 and L2) aren’t shared among all the logical cores but are specific to a physical core. This specificity has some concrete impacts such as concurrency and the concept of false sharing, which can lead to a significant performance decrease. Let’s look at what false sharing is via an example and then see how to prevent it.</p>
|
||||||
<p>In this example, we use two structs, <code>Input</code> and <code>Result</code>:</p>
|
<p>In this example, we use two structs, <code>Input</code> and <code>Result</code>:</p>
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||||||
<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kd">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kd">type</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">Input</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
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@ -1121,19 +1119,19 @@
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<p>We spin up two goroutines: one that iterates over each a field and another that iterates over each b field. This example is fine from a concurrency perspective. For instance, it doesn’t lead to a data race, because each goroutine increments its own variable. But this example illustrates the false sharing concept that degrades expected performance.</p>
|
<p>We spin up two goroutines: one that iterates over each a field and another that iterates over each b field. This example is fine from a concurrency perspective. For instance, it doesn’t lead to a data race, because each goroutine increments its own variable. But this example illustrates the false sharing concept that degrades expected performance.</p>
|
||||||
<p>Let’s look at the main memory. Because <code>sumA</code> and <code>sumB</code> are allocated contiguously, in most cases (seven out of eight), both variables are allocated to the same memory block:</p>
|
<p>Let’s look at the main memory. Because <code>sumA</code> and <code>sumB</code> are allocated contiguously, in most cases (seven out of eight), both variables are allocated to the same memory block:</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/false-sharing-1.svg" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/false-sharing-1.svg" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/false-sharing-1.svg" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/false-sharing-1.svg"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>In this example, sumA and sumB are part of the same memory block.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>In this example, sumA and sumB are part of the same memory block.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
<p>Now, let’s assume that the machine contains two cores. In most cases, we should eventually have two threads scheduled on different cores. So if the CPU decides to copy this memory block to a cache line, it is copied twice:</p>
|
<p>Now, let’s assume that the machine contains two cores. In most cases, we should eventually have two threads scheduled on different cores. So if the CPU decides to copy this memory block to a cache line, it is copied twice:</p>
|
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<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/false-sharing-2.svg" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/false-sharing-2.svg" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/false-sharing-2.svg" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/false-sharing-2.svg"></a>
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||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Each block is copied to a cache line on both code 0 and core 1.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Each block is copied to a cache line on both code 0 and core 1.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
<p>Both cache lines are replicated because L1D (L1 data) is per core. Recall that in our example, each goroutine updates its own variable: <code>sumA</code> on one side, and <code>sumB</code> on the other side:</p>
|
<p>Both cache lines are replicated because L1D (L1 data) is per core. Recall that in our example, each goroutine updates its own variable: <code>sumA</code> on one side, and <code>sumB</code> on the other side:</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/false-sharing-3.svg" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/false-sharing-3.svg" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/false-sharing-3.svg" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/false-sharing-3.svg"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Each goroutine updates its own variable.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Each goroutine updates its own variable.</figcaption>
|
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</figure>
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</figure>
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@ -1155,7 +1153,7 @@
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</span></code></pre></div>
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||||||
<p>The next figure shows a possible memory allocation. Using padding, <code>sumA</code> and <code>sumB</code> will always be part of different memory blocks and hence different cache lines.</p>
|
<p>The next figure shows a possible memory allocation. Using padding, <code>sumA</code> and <code>sumB</code> will always be part of different memory blocks and hence different cache lines.</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/false-sharing-4.svg" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/false-sharing-4.svg" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/false-sharing-4.svg" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/false-sharing-4.svg"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>sumA and sumB are part of different memory blocks.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>sumA and sumB are part of different memory blocks.</figcaption>
|
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</figure>
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</figure>
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<h2 id="__comments">Comments</h2>
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<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "..", "features": ["navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "search.highlight", "search.share", "search.suggest", "content.code.copy", "navigation.expand", "navigation.sections", "announce.dismiss", "toc.follow", "content.code.annotate", "content.tooltips"], "search": "../assets/javascripts/workers/search.973d3a69.min.js", "tags": null, "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}, "version": null}</script>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<script src="../assets/javascripts/bundle.13a4f30d.min.js"></script>
|
<script src="../assets/javascripts/bundle.f55a23d4.min.js"></script>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<script>document$.subscribe(() => {const lightbox = GLightbox({"touchNavigation": true, "loop": false, "zoomable": true, "draggable": true, "openEffect": "zoom", "closeEffect": "zoom", "slideEffect": "slide"});})</script></body>
|
|
||||||
</html>
|
<script id="init-glightbox">const lightbox = GLightbox({"touchNavigation": true, "loop": false, "zoomable": true, "draggable": true, "openEffect": "zoom", "closeEffect": "zoom", "slideEffect": "slide"});
|
||||||
|
document$.subscribe(()=>{ lightbox.reload(); });
|
||||||
|
</script></body></html>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
|
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" class="no-js"><head>
|
||||||
<!doctype html>
|
|
||||||
<html lang="en" class="no-js">
|
|
||||||
<head>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
||||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
|
||||||
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|
@ -18,7 +15,7 @@
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||||||
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||||||
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|
||||||
<link rel="icon" href="../img/Go-Logo_LightBlue.svg">
|
<link rel="icon" href="../img/Go-Logo_LightBlue.svg">
|
||||||
<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.14">
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<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.20">
|
||||||
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||||||
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||||||
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||||||
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@ -26,7 +23,7 @@
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||||||
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||||||
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||||||
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||||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/main.342714a4.min.css">
|
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|
||||||
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||||||
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||||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css">
|
||||||
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|
@ -43,7 +40,7 @@
|
||||||
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||||||
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|
||||||
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
|
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
|
||||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
|
||||||
<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
|
<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
|
||||||
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||||||
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||||||
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@ -67,42 +64,43 @@
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:type" content="website" >
|
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:title" content="Not using Go diagnostics tooling (#98) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them" >
|
<meta property="og:title" content="Not using Go diagnostics tooling (#98) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:description" content="None" >
|
<meta property="og:description" content="None">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/98-profiling-execution-tracing.png" >
|
<meta property="og:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/98-profiling-execution-tracing.png">
|
||||||
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|
||||||
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" >
|
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png">
|
||||||
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|
||||||
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" >
|
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200">
|
||||||
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|
||||||
<meta property="og:image:height" content="630" >
|
<meta property="og:image:height" content="630">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:url" content="https://100go.co/98-profiling-execution-tracing/" >
|
<meta property="og:url" content="https://100go.co/98-profiling-execution-tracing/">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" >
|
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Not using Go diagnostics tooling (#98) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them" >
|
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Not using Go diagnostics tooling (#98) - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta name="twitter:description" content="None" >
|
<meta name="twitter:description" content="None">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/98-profiling-execution-tracing.png" >
|
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/98-profiling-execution-tracing.png">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<link href="../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/><style>
|
<link href="../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"><script src="../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script><style id="glightbox-style">
|
||||||
html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
|
html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
|
||||||
.gslide-title { margin-top: 0px; user-select: text; }
|
.gslide-title { margin-top: 0px; user-select: text; }
|
||||||
.gslide-desc { color: #666; user-select: text; }
|
.gslide-desc { color: #666; user-select: text; }
|
||||||
.gslide-image img { background: white; }
|
.gslide-image img { background: white; }
|
||||||
.gscrollbar-fixer { padding-right: 15px; }
|
.gscrollbar-fixer { padding-right: 15px; }
|
||||||
.gdesc-inner { font-size: 0.75rem; }
|
.gdesc-inner { font-size: 0.75rem; }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color);}
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color); }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color); }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}</style> <script src="../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script></head>
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color); }
|
||||||
|
</style></head>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -144,7 +142,7 @@
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
|
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
|
||||||
<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
|
<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -169,20 +167,20 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -197,7 +195,7 @@
|
||||||
<div class="md-select">
|
<div class="md-select">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</button>
|
</button>
|
||||||
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
||||||
<ul class="md-select__list">
|
<ul class="md-select__list">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -236,7 +234,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -245,20 +243,20 @@
|
||||||
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
|
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
|
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
|
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</button>
|
</button>
|
||||||
</nav>
|
</nav>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -284,7 +282,7 @@
|
||||||
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"></path></svg>
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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||||||
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
||||||
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@ -380,7 +378,7 @@
|
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<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" >
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@ -403,7 +401,7 @@
|
||||||
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
||||||
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</div>
|
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|
||||||
<div class="md-source__repository">
|
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|
||||||
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
||||||
|
|
@ -893,7 +891,7 @@
|
||||||
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|
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||||||
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle md-toggle--indeterminate" type="checkbox" id="__nav_1_3" >
|
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|
||||||
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||||||
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||||||
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_1_3" id="__nav_1_3_label" tabindex="">
|
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|
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@ -1022,7 +1020,7 @@
|
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|
||||||
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||||||
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|
||||||
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle md-toggle--indeterminate" type="checkbox" id="__nav_2" >
|
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2" id="__nav_2_label" tabindex="0">
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|
||||||
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|
@ -1271,7 +1269,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
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|
||||||
<h1 id="not-using-go-diagnostics-tooling">Not using Go diagnostics tooling</h1>
|
<h1 id="not-using-go-diagnostics-tooling">Not using Go diagnostics tooling</h1>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/98-profiling-execution-tracing.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/98-profiling-execution-tracing.png" /></a></p>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/98-profiling-execution-tracing.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/98-profiling-execution-tracing.png"></a></p>
|
||||||
<p>Go offers a few excellent diagnostics tools to help us get insights into how an application performs. This post focuses on the most important ones: profiling and the execution tracer. Both tools are so important that they should be part of the core toolset of any Go developer who is interested in optimization. First, let’s discuss profiling.</p>
|
<p>Go offers a few excellent diagnostics tools to help us get insights into how an application performs. This post focuses on the most important ones: profiling and the execution tracer. Both tools are so important that they should be part of the core toolset of any Go developer who is interested in optimization. First, let’s discuss profiling.</p>
|
||||||
<h2 id="profiling">Profiling</h2>
|
<h2 id="profiling">Profiling</h2>
|
||||||
<p>Profiling provides insights into the execution of an application. It allows us to resolve performance issues, detect contention, locate memory leaks, and more. These insights can be collected via several profiles:</p>
|
<p>Profiling provides insights into the execution of an application. It allows us to resolve performance issues, detect contention, locate memory leaks, and more. These insights can be collected via several profiles:</p>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1288,18 +1286,18 @@
|
||||||
<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">package</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">main</span>
|
<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kn">package</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">main</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-0-2"><a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a>
|
</span><span id="__span-0-2"><a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-0-3"><a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-0-3"><a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-0-4"><a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"fmt"</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-0-4"><a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"fmt"</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-0-5"><a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"log"</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-0-5"><a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"log"</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-0-6"><a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"net/http"</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-0-6"><a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"net/http"</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-0-7"><a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"net/http/pprof"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Blank import to pprof</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-0-7"><a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">_</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"net/http/pprof"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Blank import to pprof</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-0-8"><a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="p">)</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-0-8"><a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-0-9"><a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9" href="#__codelineno-0-9"></a>
|
</span><span id="__span-0-9"><a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9" href="#__codelineno-0-9"></a>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-0-10"><a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10" href="#__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="kd">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-0-10"><a id="__codelineno-0-10" name="__codelineno-0-10" href="#__codelineno-0-10"></a><span class="kd">func</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-0-11"><a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11" href="#__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Exposes an HTTP endpoint</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-0-11"><a id="__codelineno-0-11" name="__codelineno-0-11" href="#__codelineno-0-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Exposes an HTTP endpoint</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-0-12"><a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12" href="#__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">HandleFunc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"/"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">w</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">ResponseWriter</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">r</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Request</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-0-12"><a id="__codelineno-0-12" name="__codelineno-0-12" href="#__codelineno-0-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">HandleFunc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"/"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">w</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">ResponseWriter</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">r</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Request</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-0-13"><a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13" href="#__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">w</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">""</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-0-13"><a id="__codelineno-0-13" name="__codelineno-0-13" href="#__codelineno-0-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fmt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">w</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">""</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-0-14"><a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14" href="#__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">})</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-0-14"><a id="__codelineno-0-14" name="__codelineno-0-14" href="#__codelineno-0-14"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">})</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-0-15"><a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15" href="#__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Fatal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">ListenAndServe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">":80"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">nil</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-0-15"><a id="__codelineno-0-15" name="__codelineno-0-15" href="#__codelineno-0-15"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Fatal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">http</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">ListenAndServe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">":80"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">nil</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-0-16"><a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16" href="#__codelineno-0-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-0-16"><a id="__codelineno-0-16" name="__codelineno-0-16" href="#__codelineno-0-16"></a><span class="p">}</span>
|
||||||
</span></code></pre></div>
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||||||
<p>Importing <code>net/http/pprof</code> leads to a side effect that allows us to reach the pprof URL: <a href="http://host/debug/pprof">http://host/debug/pprof</a>. Note that enabling <code>pprof</code> is safe even in production (<a href="https://go.dev/doc/diagnostics#profiling">https://go.dev/doc/diagnostics#profiling</a>). The profiles that impact performance, such as CPU profiling, aren’t enabled by default, nor do they run continuously: they are activated only for a specific period.</p>
|
<p>Importing <code>net/http/pprof</code> leads to a side effect that allows us to reach the pprof URL: <a href="http://host/debug/pprof">http://host/debug/pprof</a>. Note that enabling <code>pprof</code> is safe even in production (<a href="https://go.dev/doc/diagnostics#profiling">https://go.dev/doc/diagnostics#profiling</a>). The profiles that impact performance, such as CPU profiling, aren’t enabled by default, nor do they run continuously: they are activated only for a specific period.</p>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1318,13 +1316,13 @@
|
||||||
</span></code></pre></div>
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||||||
<p>This command opens a web UI showing the call graph. The next figure shows an example taken from an application. The larger the arrow, the more it was a hot path. We can then navigate into this graph and get execution insights.</p>
|
<p>This command opens a web UI showing the call graph. The next figure shows an example taken from an application. The larger the arrow, the more it was a hot path. We can then navigate into this graph and get execution insights.</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/screen-pprof-cpu.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-pprof-cpu.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/screen-pprof-cpu.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-pprof-cpu.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 1: The call graph of an application during 30 seconds.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 1: The call graph of an application during 30 seconds.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
<p>For example, the graph in the next figure tells us that during 30 seconds, 0.06 seconds were spent in the <code>decode</code> method (<code>*FetchResponse</code> receiver). Of these 0.06 seconds, 0.02 were spent in <code>RecordBatch.decode</code> and 0.01 in <code>makemap</code> (creating a map).</p>
|
<p>For example, the graph in the next figure tells us that during 30 seconds, 0.06 seconds were spent in the <code>decode</code> method (<code>*FetchResponse</code> receiver). Of these 0.06 seconds, 0.02 were spent in <code>RecordBatch.decode</code> and 0.01 in <code>makemap</code> (creating a map).</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/screen-pprof-sarama.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-pprof-sarama.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/screen-pprof-sarama.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-pprof-sarama.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 2: Example call graph.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 2: Example call graph.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1349,7 +1347,7 @@
|
||||||
<p>If we reach /debug/pprof/heap/, we get raw data that can be hard to read. However, we can download a heap profile using /debug/pprof/heap/?debug=0 and then open it with <code>go tool</code> (the same command as in the previous section) to navigate into the data using the web UI.</p>
|
<p>If we reach /debug/pprof/heap/, we get raw data that can be hard to read. However, we can download a heap profile using /debug/pprof/heap/?debug=0 and then open it with <code>go tool</code> (the same command as in the previous section) to navigate into the data using the web UI.</p>
|
||||||
<p>The next figure shows an example of a heap graph. Calling the <code>MetadataResponse.decode</code> method leads to allocating 1536 KB of heap data (which represents 6.32% of the total heap). However, 0 out of these 1536 KB were allocated by this function directly, so we need to inspect the second call. The <code>TopicMetadata.decode</code> method allocated 512 KB out of the 1536 KB; the rest — 1024 KB — were allocated in another method.</p>
|
<p>The next figure shows an example of a heap graph. Calling the <code>MetadataResponse.decode</code> method leads to allocating 1536 KB of heap data (which represents 6.32% of the total heap). However, 0 out of these 1536 KB were allocated by this function directly, so we need to inspect the second call. The <code>TopicMetadata.decode</code> method allocated 512 KB out of the 1536 KB; the rest — 1024 KB — were allocated in another method.</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/screen-pprof-heap.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-pprof-heap.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/screen-pprof-heap.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-pprof-heap.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 3: A heap graph.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 3: A heap graph.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1381,7 +1379,7 @@
|
||||||
</span></code></pre></div>
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||||||
<p>The next figure shows the kind of data we can access. For example, the amount of heap memory held by the newTopicProducer method (top left) has decreased (–513 KB). In contrast, the amount held by updateMetadata (bottom right) has increased (+512 KB). Slow increases are normal. The second heap profile may have been calculated in the middle of a service call, for example. We can repeat this process or wait longer; the important part is to track steady increases in allocations of a specific object.</p>
|
<p>The next figure shows the kind of data we can access. For example, the amount of heap memory held by the newTopicProducer method (top left) has decreased (–513 KB). In contrast, the amount held by updateMetadata (bottom right) has increased (+512 KB). Slow increases are normal. The second heap profile may have been calculated in the middle of a service call, for example. We can repeat this process or wait longer; the important part is to track steady increases in allocations of a specific object.</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/screen-pprof-heap-diff.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-pprof-heap-diff.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/screen-pprof-heap-diff.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-pprof-heap-diff.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 4: The differences between the two heap profiles.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 4: The differences between the two heap profiles.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1392,7 +1390,7 @@
|
||||||
<h3 id="goroutine-profiling">Goroutine Profiling</h3>
|
<h3 id="goroutine-profiling">Goroutine Profiling</h3>
|
||||||
<p>The <code>goroutine</code> profile reports the stack trace of all the current goroutines in an application. We can download a file using /debug/pprof/goroutine/?debug=0 and use go tool again. The next figure shows the kind of information we can get.</p>
|
<p>The <code>goroutine</code> profile reports the stack trace of all the current goroutines in an application. We can download a file using /debug/pprof/goroutine/?debug=0 and use go tool again. The next figure shows the kind of information we can get.</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/screen-pprof-goroutines.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-pprof-goroutines.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/screen-pprof-goroutines.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-pprof-goroutines.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 5: Goroutine graph.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 5: Goroutine graph.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1454,25 +1452,25 @@
|
||||||
<p>The web browser opens, and we can click View Trace to see all the traces during a specific timeframe, as shown in the next figure. This figure represents about 150 ms. We can see multiple helpful metrics, such as the goroutine count and the heap size. The heap size grows steadily until a <abbr title="Garbage Collector">GC</abbr> is triggered. We can also observe the activity of the Go application per CPU core. The timeframe starts with user-level code; then a “stop the
|
<p>The web browser opens, and we can click View Trace to see all the traces during a specific timeframe, as shown in the next figure. This figure represents about 150 ms. We can see multiple helpful metrics, such as the goroutine count and the heap size. The heap size grows steadily until a <abbr title="Garbage Collector">GC</abbr> is triggered. We can also observe the activity of the Go application per CPU core. The timeframe starts with user-level code; then a “stop the
|
||||||
world” is executed, which occupies the four CPU cores for approximately 40 ms.</p>
|
world” is executed, which occupies the four CPU cores for approximately 40 ms.</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/tracing.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/tracing.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/tracing.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/tracing.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 6: Showing goroutine activity and runtime events such as a GC phase.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 6: Showing goroutine activity and runtime events such as a GC phase.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
<p>Regarding concurrency, we can see that this version uses all the available CPU cores on the machine. However, the next figure zooms in on a portion of 1 ms. Each bar corresponds to a single goroutine execution. Having too many small bars doesn’t look right: it means execution that is poorly parallelized.</p>
|
<p>Regarding concurrency, we can see that this version uses all the available CPU cores on the machine. However, the next figure zooms in on a portion of 1 ms. Each bar corresponds to a single goroutine execution. Having too many small bars doesn’t look right: it means execution that is poorly parallelized.</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/screen-mergesort1.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-mergesort1.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/screen-mergesort1.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-mergesort1.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 7: Too many small bars mean poorly parallelized execution.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 7: Too many small bars mean poorly parallelized execution.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
<p>The next figure zooms even closer to see how these goroutines are orchestrated. Roughly 50% of the CPU time isn’t spent executing application code. The white spaces represent the time the Go runtime takes to spin up and orchestrate new goroutines.</p>
|
<p>The next figure zooms even closer to see how these goroutines are orchestrated. Roughly 50% of the CPU time isn’t spent executing application code. The white spaces represent the time the Go runtime takes to spin up and orchestrate new goroutines.</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/screen-mergesort11.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-mergesort11.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/screen-mergesort11.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-mergesort11.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 8: About 50% of CPU time is spent handling goroutine switches.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 8: About 50% of CPU time is spent handling goroutine switches.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
<p>Let’s compare this with the second parallel implementation, which was about an order of magnitude faster. The next figure again zooms to a 1 ms timeframe.</p>
|
<p>Let’s compare this with the second parallel implementation, which was about an order of magnitude faster. The next figure again zooms to a 1 ms timeframe.</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/screen-mergesort2.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-mergesort2.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/screen-mergesort2.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-mergesort2.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 9: The number of white spaces has been significantly reduced, proving that the CPU is more fully occupied.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 9: The number of white spaces has been significantly reduced, proving that the CPU is more fully occupied.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1481,22 +1479,22 @@ world” is executed, which occupies the four CPU cores for approximately 40 ms.
|
||||||
<p>For example, imagine a function that computes a Fibonacci number and then writes it to a global variable using atomic. We can define two different tasks:</p>
|
<p>For example, imagine a function that computes a Fibonacci number and then writes it to a global variable using atomic. We can define two different tasks:</p>
|
||||||
<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-7-1"><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int64</span>
|
<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-7-1"><a id="__codelineno-7-1" name="__codelineno-7-1" href="#__codelineno-7-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int64</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-7-2"><a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2" href="#__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="c1">// Creates a fibonacci task</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-7-2"><a id="__codelineno-7-2" name="__codelineno-7-2" href="#__codelineno-7-2"></a><span class="c1">// Creates a fibonacci task</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-7-3"><a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3" href="#__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="nx">ctx</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fibTask</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">trace</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">NewTask</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Background</span><span class="p">(),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"fibonacci"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-7-3"><a id="__codelineno-7-3" name="__codelineno-7-3" href="#__codelineno-7-3"></a><span class="nx">ctx</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fibTask</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">trace</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">NewTask</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">context</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Background</span><span class="p">(),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"fibonacci"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-7-4"><a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4" href="#__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="nx">trace</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">WithRegion</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">ctx</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"main"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-7-4"><a id="__codelineno-7-4" name="__codelineno-7-4" href="#__codelineno-7-4"></a><span class="nx">trace</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">WithRegion</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">ctx</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"main"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-7-5"><a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5" href="#__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fibonacci</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-7-5"><a id="__codelineno-7-5" name="__codelineno-7-5" href="#__codelineno-7-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">v</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fibonacci</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-7-6"><a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6" href="#__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="p">})</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-7-6"><a id="__codelineno-7-6" name="__codelineno-7-6" href="#__codelineno-7-6"></a><span class="p">})</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-7-7"><a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7" href="#__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="nx">fibTask</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">End</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-7-7"><a id="__codelineno-7-7" name="__codelineno-7-7" href="#__codelineno-7-7"></a><span class="nx">fibTask</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">End</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-7-8"><a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8" href="#__codelineno-7-8"></a>
|
</span><span id="__span-7-8"><a id="__codelineno-7-8" name="__codelineno-7-8" href="#__codelineno-7-8"></a>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-7-9"><a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9" href="#__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="c1">// Creates a store task</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-7-9"><a id="__codelineno-7-9" name="__codelineno-7-9" href="#__codelineno-7-9"></a><span class="c1">// Creates a store task</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-7-10"><a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10" href="#__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="nx">ctx</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fibStore</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">trace</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">NewTask</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">ctx</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"store"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-7-10"><a id="__codelineno-7-10" name="__codelineno-7-10" href="#__codelineno-7-10"></a><span class="nx">ctx</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">fibStore</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">:=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">trace</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">NewTask</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">ctx</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"store"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-7-11"><a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11" href="#__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="nx">trace</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">WithRegion</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">ctx</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"main"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-7-11"><a id="__codelineno-7-11" name="__codelineno-7-11" href="#__codelineno-7-11"></a><span class="nx">trace</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">WithRegion</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">ctx</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"main"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">func</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-7-12"><a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12" href="#__codelineno-7-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">atomic</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">StoreInt64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="nx">result</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">v</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-7-12"><a id="__codelineno-7-12" name="__codelineno-7-12" href="#__codelineno-7-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">atomic</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">StoreInt64</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="nx">result</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">v</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-7-13"><a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13" href="#__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="p">})</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-7-13"><a id="__codelineno-7-13" name="__codelineno-7-13" href="#__codelineno-7-13"></a><span class="p">})</span>
|
||||||
</span><span id="__span-7-14"><a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14" href="#__codelineno-7-14"></a><span class="nx">fibStore</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">End</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
</span><span id="__span-7-14"><a id="__codelineno-7-14" name="__codelineno-7-14" href="#__codelineno-7-14"></a><span class="nx">fibStore</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">End</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||||
</span></code></pre></div>
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
||||||
<p>Using <code>go tool</code>, we can get more precise information about how these two tasks perform. In the previous trace UI, we can see the boundaries for each task per goroutine. In User-Defined Tasks, we can follow the duration distribution:</p>
|
<p>Using <code>go tool</code>, we can get more precise information about how these two tasks perform. In the previous trace UI, we can see the boundaries for each task per goroutine. In User-Defined Tasks, we can follow the duration distribution:</p>
|
||||||
<figure>
|
<figure>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/screen-tracing-user-level.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-tracing-user-level.png" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/screen-tracing-user-level.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/screen-tracing-user-level.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Figure 10: Distribution of user-level tasks.</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Figure 10: Distribution of user-level tasks.</figcaption>
|
||||||
</figure>
|
</figure>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1538,20 +1536,7 @@ world” is executed, which occupies the four CPU cores for approximately 40 ms.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<h2 id="__comments">Comments</h2>
|
<h2 id="__comments">Comments</h2>
|
||||||
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|
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|
||||||
<script src="https://giscus.app/client.js"
|
<script src="https://giscus.app/client.js" data-repo="teivah/100-go-mistakes" data-repo-id="MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkzMjA4MTg5NjI=" data-category="Discussions" data-category-id="DIC_kwDOEx9PEs4CZQUm" data-mapping="pathname" data-strict="0" data-reactions-enabled="1" data-emit-metadata="0" data-input-position="bottom" data-theme="preferred_color_scheme" data-lang="en" crossorigin="anonymous" async>
|
||||||
data-repo="teivah/100-go-mistakes"
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
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||||||
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||||||
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||||||
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|
||||||
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||||||
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|
||||||
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||||||
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|
||||||
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|
|
||||||
crossorigin="anonymous"
|
|
||||||
async>
|
|
||||||
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|
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|
||||||
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|
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|
||||||
<script>
|
<script>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1606,7 +1591,7 @@ world” is executed, which occupies the four CPU cores for approximately 40 ms.
|
||||||
<div class="md-copyright">
|
<div class="md-copyright">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="md-copyright__highlight">
|
<div class="md-copyright__highlight">
|
||||||
Copyright © 2022 - 2024 Teiva Harsanyi
|
Copyright © 2022 - 2024 Teiva Harsanyi
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1617,7 +1602,8 @@ world” is executed, which occupies the four CPU cores for approximately 40 ms.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="md-social">
|
|
||||||
|
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1627,7 +1613,7 @@ world” is executed, which occupies the four CPU cores for approximately 40 ms.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<a href="https://twitter.com/teivah" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="twitter.com" class="md-social__link">
|
<a href="https://twitter.com/teivah" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="twitter.com" class="md-social__link">
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M459.4 151.7c.3 4.5.3 9.1.3 13.6 0 138.7-105.6 298.6-298.6 298.6-59.5 0-114.7-17.2-161.1-47.1 8.4 1 16.6 1.3 25.3 1.3 49.1 0 94.2-16.6 130.3-44.8-46.1-1-84.8-31.2-98.1-72.8 6.5 1 13 1.6 19.8 1.6 9.4 0 18.8-1.3 27.6-3.6-48.1-9.7-84.1-52-84.1-103v-1.3c14 7.8 30.2 12.7 47.4 13.3-28.3-18.8-46.8-51-46.8-87.4 0-19.5 5.2-37.4 14.3-53C87.4 130.8 165 172.4 252.1 176.9c-1.6-7.8-2.6-15.9-2.6-24C249.5 95.1 296.3 48 354.4 48c30.2 0 57.5 12.7 76.7 33.1 23.7-4.5 46.5-13.3 66.6-25.3-7.8 24.4-24.4 44.8-46.1 57.8 21.1-2.3 41.6-8.1 60.4-16.2-14.3 20.8-32.2 39.3-52.6 54.3"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1644,11 +1630,13 @@ world” is executed, which occupies the four CPU cores for approximately 40 ms.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "..", "features": ["navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "search.highlight", "search.share", "search.suggest", "content.code.copy", "navigation.expand", "navigation.sections", "announce.dismiss", "toc.follow", "content.code.annotate", "content.tooltips"], "search": "../assets/javascripts/workers/search.d50fe291.min.js", "tags": null, "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}, "version": null}</script>
|
<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "..", "features": ["navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "search.highlight", "search.share", "search.suggest", "content.code.copy", "navigation.expand", "navigation.sections", "announce.dismiss", "toc.follow", "content.code.annotate", "content.tooltips"], "search": "../assets/javascripts/workers/search.973d3a69.min.js", "tags": null, "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}, "version": null}</script>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<script src="../assets/javascripts/bundle.13a4f30d.min.js"></script>
|
<script src="../assets/javascripts/bundle.f55a23d4.min.js"></script>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<script>document$.subscribe(() => {const lightbox = GLightbox({"touchNavigation": true, "loop": false, "zoomable": true, "draggable": true, "openEffect": "zoom", "closeEffect": "zoom", "slideEffect": "slide"});})</script></body>
|
|
||||||
</html>
|
<script id="init-glightbox">const lightbox = GLightbox({"touchNavigation": true, "loop": false, "zoomable": true, "draggable": true, "openEffect": "zoom", "closeEffect": "zoom", "slideEffect": "slide"});
|
||||||
|
document$.subscribe(()=>{ lightbox.reload(); });
|
||||||
|
</script></body></html>
|
||||||
16
site/assets/javascripts/bundle.13a4f30d.min.js
vendored
16
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vendored
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16
site/assets/javascripts/bundle.f55a23d4.min.js
vendored
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16
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vendored
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vendored
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|
|
@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
|
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" class="no-js"><head>
|
||||||
<!doctype html>
|
|
||||||
<html lang="en" class="no-js">
|
|
||||||
<head>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
||||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -18,7 +15,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<link rel="icon" href="../img/Go-Logo_LightBlue.svg">
|
<link rel="icon" href="../img/Go-Logo_LightBlue.svg">
|
||||||
<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.14">
|
<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.20">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -26,7 +23,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/main.342714a4.min.css">
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/main.e53b48f4.min.css">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css">
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -43,7 +40,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
|
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
|
||||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
|
||||||
<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
|
<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -67,42 +64,43 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:type" content="website" >
|
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:title" content="100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them" >
|
<meta property="og:title" content="100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:description" content="None" >
|
<meta property="og:description" content="None">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/book.png" >
|
<meta property="og:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/book.png">
|
||||||
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|
||||||
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" >
|
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" >
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<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:image:height" content="630" >
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<meta property="og:image:height" content="630">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:url" content="https://100go.co/book/" >
|
<meta property="og:url" content="https://100go.co/book/">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" >
|
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
|
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them" >
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them">
|
||||||
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="None" >
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<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/book.png" >
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<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/book.png">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<link href="../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/><style>
|
<link href="../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"><script src="../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script><style id="glightbox-style">
|
||||||
html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
|
html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
|
||||||
.gslide-title { margin-top: 0px; user-select: text; }
|
.gslide-title { margin-top: 0px; user-select: text; }
|
||||||
.gslide-desc { color: #666; user-select: text; }
|
.gslide-desc { color: #666; user-select: text; }
|
||||||
.gslide-image img { background: white; }
|
.gslide-image img { background: white; }
|
||||||
.gscrollbar-fixer { padding-right: 15px; }
|
.gscrollbar-fixer { padding-right: 15px; }
|
||||||
.gdesc-inner { font-size: 0.75rem; }
|
.gdesc-inner { font-size: 0.75rem; }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color);}
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color); }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color); }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}</style> <script src="../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script></head>
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color); }
|
||||||
|
</style></head>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -144,7 +142,7 @@
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
|
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
|
||||||
<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
|
<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -169,20 +167,20 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -197,7 +195,7 @@
|
||||||
<div class="md-select">
|
<div class="md-select">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</button>
|
</button>
|
||||||
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
||||||
<ul class="md-select__list">
|
<ul class="md-select__list">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -236,7 +234,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -245,20 +243,20 @@
|
||||||
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
|
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
|
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
|
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</button>
|
</button>
|
||||||
</nav>
|
</nav>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -284,7 +282,7 @@
|
||||||
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__repository">
|
<div class="md-source__repository">
|
||||||
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
||||||
|
|
@ -380,7 +378,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" >
|
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation">
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
|
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
|
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -403,7 +401,7 @@
|
||||||
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
||||||
|
|
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<div class="md-source__repository">
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
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<h1 id="100-go-mistakes-and-how-to-avoid-them">100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them</h1>
|
<h1 id="100-go-mistakes-and-how-to-avoid-them">100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them</h1>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/cover.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/cover.png" /></a></p>
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<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/cover.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/cover.png"></a></p>
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<h2 id="description">Description</h2>
|
<h2 id="description">Description</h2>
|
||||||
<p>If you're a Go developer looking to improve your skills, the <em>100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them</em> book is for you. With a focus on practical examples, this book covers a wide range of topics from concurrency and error handling to testing and code organization. You'll learn to write more idiomatic, efficient, and maintainable code and become a proficient Go developer.</p>
|
<p>If you're a Go developer looking to improve your skills, the <em>100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them</em> book is for you. With a focus on practical examples, this book covers a wide range of topics from concurrency and error handling to testing and code organization. You'll learn to write more idiomatic, efficient, and maintainable code and become a proficient Go developer.</p>
|
||||||
<p>Read a <a href="../">summary</a> of the 100 mistakes or the <a href="../chapter-1/">first chapter</a>.</p>
|
<p>Read a <a href="../">summary</a> of the 100 mistakes or the <a href="../chapter-1/">first chapter</a>.</p>
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@ -1203,9 +1201,9 @@
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||||||
<p>Not having this will be the <strong>101st mistake</strong> a Go programmer could make.</p>
|
<p>Not having this will be the <strong>101st mistake</strong> a Go programmer could make.</p>
|
||||||
</div>
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<figure>
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<figure>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/ratings-goodreads.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/ratings-goodreads.png" width="300" /></a>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/ratings-goodreads.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/ratings-goodreads.png" width="300"></a>
|
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<a class="glightbox" href="../img/ratings-amazon.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/ratings-amazon.png" width="300" /></a>
|
<a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/ratings-amazon.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/ratings-amazon.png" width="300"></a>
|
||||||
<a class="glightbox" href="../img/ratings-manning.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/ratings-manning.png" /></a>
|
<a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/ratings-manning.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/ratings-manning.png"></a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
<figcaption>Manning, Goodreads, and Amazon reviews: 4.7/5 avg rating</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Manning, Goodreads, and Amazon reviews: 4.7/5 avg rating</figcaption>
|
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</figure>
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<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/cover-en.jpg" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/cover-en.jpg" width="200" /></a>
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<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/cover-en.jpg" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/cover-en.jpg" width="200"></a>
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<a class="glightbox" href="../img/cover-jp.jpg" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/cover-jp.jpg" width="200" /></a>
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<a class="glightbox" href="../img/cover-cn.jpg" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/cover-cn.jpg" width="170" /></a>
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<a class="glightbox" href="../img/cover-kr.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/cover-kr.png" width="200" /></a>
|
<a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/cover-kr.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/cover-kr.png" width="200"></a>
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</p>
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|
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<figcaption>Covers (English, Japanese, Chinese, and Korean)</figcaption>
|
<figcaption>Covers (English, Japanese, Chinese, and Korean)</figcaption>
|
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</figure>
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<div class="md-copyright">
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<div class="md-copyright">
|
||||||
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|
||||||
<div class="md-copyright__highlight">
|
<div class="md-copyright__highlight">
|
||||||
Copyright © 2022 - 2024 Teiva Harsanyi
|
Copyright © 2022 - 2024 Teiva Harsanyi
|
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</div>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/teivah" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="twitter.com" class="md-social__link">
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<a href="https://twitter.com/teivah" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="twitter.com" class="md-social__link">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M459.4 151.7c.3 4.5.3 9.1.3 13.6 0 138.7-105.6 298.6-298.6 298.6-59.5 0-114.7-17.2-161.1-47.1 8.4 1 16.6 1.3 25.3 1.3 49.1 0 94.2-16.6 130.3-44.8-46.1-1-84.8-31.2-98.1-72.8 6.5 1 13 1.6 19.8 1.6 9.4 0 18.8-1.3 27.6-3.6-48.1-9.7-84.1-52-84.1-103v-1.3c14 7.8 30.2 12.7 47.4 13.3-28.3-18.8-46.8-51-46.8-87.4 0-19.5 5.2-37.4 14.3-53C87.4 130.8 165 172.4 252.1 176.9c-1.6-7.8-2.6-15.9-2.6-24C249.5 95.1 296.3 48 354.4 48c30.2 0 57.5 12.7 76.7 33.1 23.7-4.5 46.5-13.3 66.6-25.3-7.8 24.4-24.4 44.8-46.1 57.8 21.1-2.3 41.6-8.1 60.4-16.2-14.3 20.8-32.2 39.3-52.6 54.3"></path></svg>
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<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "..", "features": ["navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "search.highlight", "search.share", "search.suggest", "content.code.copy", "navigation.expand", "navigation.sections", "announce.dismiss", "toc.follow", "content.code.annotate", "content.tooltips"], "search": "../assets/javascripts/workers/search.d50fe291.min.js", "tags": null, "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}, "version": null}</script>
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<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "..", "features": ["navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "search.highlight", "search.share", "search.suggest", "content.code.copy", "navigation.expand", "navigation.sections", "announce.dismiss", "toc.follow", "content.code.annotate", "content.tooltips"], "search": "../assets/javascripts/workers/search.973d3a69.min.js", "tags": null, "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}, "version": null}</script>
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<script>document$.subscribe(() => {const lightbox = GLightbox({"touchNavigation": true, "loop": false, "zoomable": true, "draggable": true, "openEffect": "zoom", "closeEffect": "zoom", "slideEffect": "slide"});})</script></body>
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</html>
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<script id="init-glightbox">const lightbox = GLightbox({"touchNavigation": true, "loop": false, "zoomable": true, "draggable": true, "openEffect": "zoom", "closeEffect": "zoom", "slideEffect": "slide"});
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<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.14">
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<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
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<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
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<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
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<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
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||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"></path></svg>
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||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
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<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
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<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
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||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"></path></svg>
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</label>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
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<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
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<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
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<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"></path></svg>
|
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</a>
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<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
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<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"></path></svg>
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</nav>
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</nav>
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@ -284,7 +282,7 @@
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<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
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<li>Learning via mistakes and concrete examples is a powerful way to be proficient in a language. This book will accelerate our path to proficiency by exploring 100 common mistakes.</li>
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<li>Learning via mistakes and concrete examples is a powerful way to be proficient in a language. This book will accelerate our path to proficiency by exploring 100 common mistakes.</li>
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<p>J. S. Moser, H. S. Schroder, et al., “Mind Your Errors: Evidence for a Neural Mechanism Linking Growth Mindset to Adaptive Posterror Adjustments,” Psychological Science, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 1484–1489, Dec. 2011. <a class="footnote-backref" href="#fnref:1" title="Jump back to footnote 1 in the text">↩</a></p>
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<p>J. S. Moser, H. S. Schroder, et al., “Mind Your Errors: Evidence for a Neural Mechanism Linking Growth Mindset to Adaptive Posterror Adjustments,” Psychological Science, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 1484–1489, Dec. 2011. <a class="footnote-backref" href="#fnref:1" title="Jump back to footnote 1 in the text">↩</a></p>
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<p>J. Metcalfe, “Learning from Errors,” Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 68, pp. 465–489, Jan. 2017. <a class="footnote-backref" href="#fnref:2" title="Jump back to footnote 2 in the text">↩</a></p>
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<p>J. Metcalfe, “Learning from Errors,” Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 68, pp. 465–489, Jan. 2017. <a class="footnote-backref" href="#fnref:2" title="Jump back to footnote 2 in the text">↩</a></p>
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<p>Synopsys, “The Cost of Poor Software Quality in the US: A 2020 Report.” 2020. <a href="https://news.synopsys.com/2021-01-06-Synopsys-Sponsored-CISQ-Research-Estimates-Cost-of-Poor-Software-Quality-in-the-US-2-08-Trillion-in-2020">https://news.synopsys.com/2021-01-06-Synopsys-Sponsored-CISQ-Research-Estimates-Cost-of-Poor-Software-Quality-in-the-US-2-08-Trillion-in-2020</a>. <a class="footnote-backref" href="#fnref:3" title="Jump back to footnote 3 in the text">↩</a></p>
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<p>Synopsys, “The Cost of Poor Software Quality in the US: A 2020 Report.” 2020. <a href="https://news.synopsys.com/2021-01-06-Synopsys-Sponsored-CISQ-Research-Estimates-Cost-of-Poor-Software-Quality-in-the-US-2-08-Trillion-in-2020">https://news.synopsys.com/2021-01-06-Synopsys-Sponsored-CISQ-Research-Estimates-Cost-of-Poor-Software-Quality-in-the-US-2-08-Trillion-in-2020</a>. <a class="footnote-backref" href="#fnref:3" title="Jump back to footnote 3 in the text">↩</a></p>
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Copyright © 2022 - 2024 Teiva Harsanyi
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Copyright © 2022 - 2024 Teiva Harsanyi
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M459.4 151.7c.3 4.5.3 9.1.3 13.6 0 138.7-105.6 298.6-298.6 298.6-59.5 0-114.7-17.2-161.1-47.1 8.4 1 16.6 1.3 25.3 1.3 49.1 0 94.2-16.6 130.3-44.8-46.1-1-84.8-31.2-98.1-72.8 6.5 1 13 1.6 19.8 1.6 9.4 0 18.8-1.3 27.6-3.6-48.1-9.7-84.1-52-84.1-103v-1.3c14 7.8 30.2 12.7 47.4 13.3-28.3-18.8-46.8-51-46.8-87.4 0-19.5 5.2-37.4 14.3-53C87.4 130.8 165 172.4 252.1 176.9c-1.6-7.8-2.6-15.9-2.6-24C249.5 95.1 296.3 48 354.4 48c30.2 0 57.5 12.7 76.7 33.1 23.7-4.5 46.5-13.3 66.6-25.3-7.8 24.4-24.4 44.8-46.1 57.8 21.1-2.3 41.6-8.1 60.4-16.2-14.3 20.8-32.2 39.3-52.6 54.3"></path></svg>
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</a>
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</a>
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||||||
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||||||
</div>
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</div>
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@ -1491,11 +1490,13 @@
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||||||
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||||||
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<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "..", "features": ["navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "search.highlight", "search.share", "search.suggest", "content.code.copy", "navigation.expand", "navigation.sections", "announce.dismiss", "toc.follow", "content.code.annotate", "content.tooltips"], "search": "../assets/javascripts/workers/search.d50fe291.min.js", "tags": null, "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}, "version": null}</script>
|
<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "..", "features": ["navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "search.highlight", "search.share", "search.suggest", "content.code.copy", "navigation.expand", "navigation.sections", "announce.dismiss", "toc.follow", "content.code.annotate", "content.tooltips"], "search": "../assets/javascripts/workers/search.973d3a69.min.js", "tags": null, "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}, "version": null}</script>
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||||||
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||||||
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||||||
<script src="../assets/javascripts/bundle.13a4f30d.min.js"></script>
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<script src="../assets/javascripts/bundle.f55a23d4.min.js"></script>
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
<script>document$.subscribe(() => {const lightbox = GLightbox({"touchNavigation": true, "loop": false, "zoomable": true, "draggable": true, "openEffect": "zoom", "closeEffect": "zoom", "slideEffect": "slide"});})</script></body>
|
|
||||||
</html>
|
<script id="init-glightbox">const lightbox = GLightbox({"touchNavigation": true, "loop": false, "zoomable": true, "draggable": true, "openEffect": "zoom", "closeEffect": "zoom", "slideEffect": "slide"});
|
||||||
|
document$.subscribe(()=>{ lightbox.reload(); });
|
||||||
|
</script></body></html>
|
||||||
109
site/external/index.html
vendored
109
site/external/index.html
vendored
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@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" class="no-js"><head>
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||||||
<!doctype html>
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||||||
<html lang="en" class="no-js">
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||||||
<head>
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
<meta charset="utf-8">
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<meta charset="utf-8">
|
||||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
|
||||||
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|
@ -16,7 +13,7 @@
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
<link rel="icon" href="../img/Go-Logo_LightBlue.svg">
|
<link rel="icon" href="../img/Go-Logo_LightBlue.svg">
|
||||||
<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.14">
|
<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.20">
|
||||||
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||||||
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||||||
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||||||
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@ -24,7 +21,7 @@
|
||||||
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||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/main.342714a4.min.css">
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/main.e53b48f4.min.css">
|
||||||
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||||||
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||||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -41,7 +38,7 @@
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
|
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
|
||||||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
|
||||||
<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
|
<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
@ -65,42 +62,43 @@
|
||||||
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
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|
||||||
<meta property="og:type" content="website" >
|
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:title" content="External Resources - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them" >
|
<meta property="og:title" content="External Resources - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:description" content="None" >
|
<meta property="og:description" content="None">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/external.png" >
|
<meta property="og:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/external.png">
|
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|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" >
|
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" >
|
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:image:height" content="630" >
|
<meta property="og:image:height" content="630">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta property="og:url" content="https://100go.co/external/" >
|
<meta property="og:url" content="https://100go.co/external/">
|
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|
||||||
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" >
|
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta name="twitter:title" content="External Resources - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them" >
|
<meta name="twitter:title" content="External Resources - 100 Go Mistakes and How to Avoid Them">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<meta name="twitter:description" content="None" >
|
<meta name="twitter:description" content="None">
|
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||||||
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/external.png" >
|
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://100go.co/assets/images/social/external.png">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<link href="../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/><style>
|
<link href="../assets/stylesheets/glightbox.min.css" rel="stylesheet"><script src="../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script><style id="glightbox-style">
|
||||||
html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
|
html.glightbox-open { overflow: initial; height: 100%; }
|
||||||
.gslide-title { margin-top: 0px; user-select: text; }
|
.gslide-title { margin-top: 0px; user-select: text; }
|
||||||
.gslide-desc { color: #666; user-select: text; }
|
.gslide-desc { color: #666; user-select: text; }
|
||||||
.gslide-image img { background: white; }
|
.gslide-image img { background: white; }
|
||||||
.gscrollbar-fixer { padding-right: 15px; }
|
.gscrollbar-fixer { padding-right: 15px; }
|
||||||
.gdesc-inner { font-size: 0.75rem; }
|
.gdesc-inner { font-size: 0.75rem; }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color);}
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gdesc-inner { background: var(--md-default-bg-color); }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-title { color: var(--md-default-fg-color); }
|
||||||
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color);}</style> <script src="../assets/javascripts/glightbox.min.js"></script></head>
|
body[data-md-color-scheme="slate"] .gslide-desc { color: var(--md-default-fg-color); }
|
||||||
|
</style></head>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -142,7 +140,7 @@
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
|
<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
|
||||||
<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
|
<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -167,20 +165,20 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="cyan" data-md-color-accent="deep-orange" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 4-4 4 4 0 0 0-4-4m0 10a6 6 0 0 1-6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6-6 6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue-grey" data-md-color-accent="teal" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -195,7 +193,7 @@
|
||||||
<div class="md-select">
|
<div class="md-select">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</button>
|
</button>
|
||||||
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
<div class="md-select__inner">
|
||||||
<ul class="md-select__list">
|
<ul class="md-select__list">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -234,7 +232,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -243,20 +241,20 @@
|
||||||
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"></path></svg>
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<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
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<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
|
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
|
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|
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</a>
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</a>
|
||||||
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|
||||||
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
|
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
|
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|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"></path></svg>
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@ -282,7 +280,7 @@
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||||||
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
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||||||
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</div>
|
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|
||||||
<div class="md-source__repository">
|
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|
||||||
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
||||||
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@ -376,7 +374,7 @@
|
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||||||
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" >
|
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation">
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
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<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
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|
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|
||||||
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@ -399,7 +397,7 @@
|
||||||
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
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|
||||||
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"></path></svg>
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|
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|
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teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
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@ -431,7 +429,7 @@
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle md-toggle--indeterminate" type="checkbox" id="__nav_1" >
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||||||
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_1" id="__nav_1_label" tabindex="0">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle md-toggle--indeterminate" type="checkbox" id="__nav_1_2" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_1_2" id="__nav_1_2_label" tabindex="0">
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|
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle md-toggle--indeterminate" type="checkbox" id="__nav_1_3" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_1_3" id="__nav_1_3_label" tabindex="0">
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@ -1258,7 +1256,7 @@
|
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|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
|
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc">
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
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|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
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|
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@ -1570,7 +1568,7 @@
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
<div class="md-copyright__highlight">
|
<div class="md-copyright__highlight">
|
||||||
Copyright © 2022 - 2024 Teiva Harsanyi
|
Copyright © 2022 - 2024 Teiva Harsanyi
|
||||||
</div>
|
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|
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|
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|
||||||
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|
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|
@ -1591,7 +1590,7 @@
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
<a href="https://twitter.com/teivah" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="twitter.com" class="md-social__link">
|
<a href="https://twitter.com/teivah" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="twitter.com" class="md-social__link">
|
||||||
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|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 18c-.89 0-1.74-.2-2.5-.55C11.56 16.5 13 14.42 13 12s-1.44-4.5-3.5-5.45C10.26 6.2 11.11 6 12 6a6 6 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 0 0 1-6 6m8-9.31V4h-4.69L12 .69 8.69 4H4v4.69L.69 12 4 15.31V20h4.69L12 23.31 15.31 20H20v-4.69L23.31 12z"></path></svg>
|
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@ -197,7 +195,7 @@
|
||||||
<div class="md-select">
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<div class="md-select">
|
||||||
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||||||
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
<button class="md-header__button md-icon" aria-label="Select language">
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.87 15.07-2.54-2.51.03-.03A17.5 17.5 0 0 0 14.07 6H17V4h-7V2H8v2H1v2h11.17C11.5 7.92 10.44 9.75 9 11.35 8.07 10.32 7.3 9.19 6.69 8h-2c.73 1.63 1.73 3.17 2.98 4.56l-5.09 5.02L4 19l5-5 3.11 3.11zM18.5 10h-2L12 22h2l1.12-3h4.75L21 22h2zm-2.62 7 1.62-4.33L19.12 17z"></path></svg>
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</button>
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|
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<div class="md-select__inner">
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@ -236,7 +234,7 @@
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||||||
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||||||
<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
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<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
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|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -245,20 +243,20 @@
|
||||||
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
|
||||||
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"></path></svg>
|
||||||
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|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</label>
|
</label>
|
||||||
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
|
<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
|
<a href="javascript:void(0)" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Share" aria-label="Share" data-clipboard data-clipboard-text="" data-md-component="search-share" tabindex="-1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9a3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.15c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.66 0 1.61 1.31 2.91 2.92 2.91s2.92-1.3 2.92-2.91A2.92 2.92 0 0 0 18 16.08"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
|
<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</button>
|
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|
||||||
</nav>
|
</nav>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -284,7 +282,7 @@
|
||||||
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__repository">
|
<div class="md-source__repository">
|
||||||
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
||||||
|
|
@ -378,7 +376,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" >
|
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation">
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
|
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
|
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -401,7 +399,7 @@
|
||||||
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
<a href="https://github.com/teivah/100-go-mistakes" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8M97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M173.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6m-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3m44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9M252.8 8C114.1 8 8 113.3 8 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C436.2 457.8 504 362.9 504 252 504 113.3 391.5 8 252.8 8M105.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1m-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7m32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1m-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9s4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3c1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="md-source__repository">
|
<div class="md-source__repository">
|
||||||
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
teivah/100-go-mistakes
|
||||||
|
|
@ -515,7 +513,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle md-toggle--indeterminate" type="checkbox" id="__nav_1_2" >
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle md-toggle--indeterminate" type="checkbox" id="__nav_1_2">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_1_2" id="__nav_1_2_label" tabindex="">
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_1_2" id="__nav_1_2_label" tabindex="">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1199,7 +1197,7 @@
|
||||||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||||||
<a href="#defer-35" class="md-nav__link">
|
<a href="#defer-35" class="md-nav__link">
|
||||||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||||||
在循环中使用 defer (#35)
|
在循环中使用 defer (#35)
|
||||||
</span>
|
</span>
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -2016,7 +2014,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle md-toggle--indeterminate" type="checkbox" id="__nav_2" >
|
<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle md-toggle--indeterminate" type="checkbox" id="__nav_2">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2" id="__nav_2_label" tabindex="0">
|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2" id="__nav_2_label" tabindex="0">
|
||||||
|
|
@ -2145,7 +2143,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
|
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc">
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
|
<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
|
||||||
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
|
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -2512,7 +2510,7 @@
|
||||||
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
||||||
<a href="#defer-35" class="md-nav__link">
|
<a href="#defer-35" class="md-nav__link">
|
||||||
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
||||||
在循环中使用 defer (#35)
|
在循环中使用 defer (#35)
|
||||||
</span>
|
</span>
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -3263,9 +3261,9 @@
|
||||||
<blockquote>
|
<blockquote>
|
||||||
<p>Feeling overwhelmed by the endless stream of tech content? At The Coder Cafe, we serve one essential concept for coders. Written by a senior software engineer at Google, it's perfectly brewed for your morning coffee, helping you grow your skills deeply.</p>
|
<p>Feeling overwhelmed by the endless stream of tech content? At The Coder Cafe, we serve one essential concept for coders. Written by a senior software engineer at Google, it's perfectly brewed for your morning coffee, helping you grow your skills deeply.</p>
|
||||||
</blockquote>
|
</blockquote>
|
||||||
<p><center><a href="https://thecoder.cafe?rd=100go.co/zh"><img src="../img/thecodercafe.png" alt="" style="width:480px;height:240px;"></a></center></p>
|
<p></p><center><a href="https://thecoder.cafe?rd=100go.co/zh"><img src="../img/thecodercafe.png" alt="" style="width:480px;height:240px;"></a></center><p></p>
|
||||||
</details>
|
</details>
|
||||||
<p><a class="glightbox" href="../img/inside-cover.png" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/inside-cover.png" /></a></p>
|
<p><a class="glightbox" data-type="image" data-width="auto" data-height="auto" href="../img/inside-cover.png" data-desc-position="bottom"><img alt="" src="../img/inside-cover.png"></a></p>
|
||||||
<h2 id="_1">代码及工程组织</h2>
|
<h2 id="_1">代码及工程组织</h2>
|
||||||
<h3 id="1">意外的变量隐藏 (#1)</h3>
|
<h3 id="1">意外的变量隐藏 (#1)</h3>
|
||||||
<p>避免变量隐藏（外部作用域变量被内部作用域同名变量隐藏），有助于避免变量引用错误，有助于他人阅读理解。</p>
|
<p>避免变量隐藏（外部作用域变量被内部作用域同名变量隐藏），有助于避免变量引用错误，有助于他人阅读理解。</p>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -3619,20 +3617,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<h2 id="__comments">Comments</h2>
|
<h2 id="__comments">Comments</h2>
|
||||||
<!-- Insert generated snippet here -->
|
<!-- Insert generated snippet here -->
|
||||||
<script src="https://giscus.app/client.js"
|
<script src="https://giscus.app/client.js" data-repo="teivah/100-go-mistakes" data-repo-id="MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkzMjA4MTg5NjI=" data-category="Discussions" data-category-id="DIC_kwDOEx9PEs4CZQUm" data-mapping="pathname" data-strict="0" data-reactions-enabled="1" data-emit-metadata="0" data-input-position="bottom" data-theme="preferred_color_scheme" data-lang="en" crossorigin="anonymous" async>
|
||||||
data-repo="teivah/100-go-mistakes"
|
|
||||||
data-repo-id="MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkzMjA4MTg5NjI="
|
|
||||||
data-category="Discussions"
|
|
||||||
data-category-id="DIC_kwDOEx9PEs4CZQUm"
|
|
||||||
data-mapping="pathname"
|
|
||||||
data-strict="0"
|
|
||||||
data-reactions-enabled="1"
|
|
||||||
data-emit-metadata="0"
|
|
||||||
data-input-position="bottom"
|
|
||||||
data-theme="preferred_color_scheme"
|
|
||||||
data-lang="en"
|
|
||||||
crossorigin="anonymous"
|
|
||||||
async>
|
|
||||||
</script>
|
</script>
|
||||||
<!-- Synchronize Giscus theme with palette -->
|
<!-- Synchronize Giscus theme with palette -->
|
||||||
<script>
|
<script>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -3687,7 +3672,7 @@
|
||||||
<div class="md-copyright">
|
<div class="md-copyright">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="md-copyright__highlight">
|
<div class="md-copyright__highlight">
|
||||||
Copyright © 2022 - 2024 Teiva Harsanyi
|
Copyright © 2022 - 2024 Teiva Harsanyi
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -3698,7 +3683,8 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="md-social">
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="md-social">
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -3708,7 +3694,7 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<a href="https://twitter.com/teivah" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="twitter.com" class="md-social__link">
|
<a href="https://twitter.com/teivah" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="twitter.com" class="md-social__link">
|
||||||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253"/></svg>
|
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2025 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M459.4 151.7c.3 4.5.3 9.1.3 13.6 0 138.7-105.6 298.6-298.6 298.6-59.5 0-114.7-17.2-161.1-47.1 8.4 1 16.6 1.3 25.3 1.3 49.1 0 94.2-16.6 130.3-44.8-46.1-1-84.8-31.2-98.1-72.8 6.5 1 13 1.6 19.8 1.6 9.4 0 18.8-1.3 27.6-3.6-48.1-9.7-84.1-52-84.1-103v-1.3c14 7.8 30.2 12.7 47.4 13.3-28.3-18.8-46.8-51-46.8-87.4 0-19.5 5.2-37.4 14.3-53C87.4 130.8 165 172.4 252.1 176.9c-1.6-7.8-2.6-15.9-2.6-24C249.5 95.1 296.3 48 354.4 48c30.2 0 57.5 12.7 76.7 33.1 23.7-4.5 46.5-13.3 66.6-25.3-7.8 24.4-24.4 44.8-46.1 57.8 21.1-2.3 41.6-8.1 60.4-16.2-14.3 20.8-32.2 39.3-52.6 54.3"></path></svg>
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -3725,11 +3711,13 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "..", "features": ["navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "search.highlight", "search.share", "search.suggest", "content.code.copy", "navigation.expand", "navigation.sections", "announce.dismiss", "toc.follow", "content.code.annotate", "content.tooltips"], "search": "../assets/javascripts/workers/search.d50fe291.min.js", "tags": null, "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}, "version": null}</script>
|
<script id="__config" type="application/json">{"base": "..", "features": ["navigation.tabs", "navigation.tabs.sticky", "search.highlight", "search.share", "search.suggest", "content.code.copy", "navigation.expand", "navigation.sections", "announce.dismiss", "toc.follow", "content.code.annotate", "content.tooltips"], "search": "../assets/javascripts/workers/search.973d3a69.min.js", "tags": null, "translations": {"clipboard.copied": "Copied to clipboard", "clipboard.copy": "Copy to clipboard", "search.result.more.one": "1 more on this page", "search.result.more.other": "# more on this page", "search.result.none": "No matching documents", "search.result.one": "1 matching document", "search.result.other": "# matching documents", "search.result.placeholder": "Type to start searching", "search.result.term.missing": "Missing", "select.version": "Select version"}, "version": null}</script>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<script src="../assets/javascripts/bundle.13a4f30d.min.js"></script>
|
<script src="../assets/javascripts/bundle.f55a23d4.min.js"></script>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<script>document$.subscribe(() => {const lightbox = GLightbox({"touchNavigation": true, "loop": false, "zoomable": true, "draggable": true, "openEffect": "zoom", "closeEffect": "zoom", "slideEffect": "slide"});})</script></body>
|
|
||||||
</html>
|
<script id="init-glightbox">const lightbox = GLightbox({"touchNavigation": true, "loop": false, "zoomable": true, "draggable": true, "openEffect": "zoom", "closeEffect": "zoom", "slideEffect": "slide"});
|
||||||
|
document$.subscribe(()=>{ lightbox.reload(); });
|
||||||
|
</script></body></html>
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue