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made hello world build on Apple
This commit is contained in:
Perry Kivolowitz
parent
3054b7be1e
commit
f301a4024a
4 changed files with 207 additions and 9 deletions
6
section_1/hello_world/.vscode/settings.json
vendored
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section_1/hello_world/.vscode/settings.json
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@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
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{
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"cSpell.ignoreWords": [
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"onditionally",
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"onsole"
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]
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}
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@ -10,6 +10,11 @@ the C into ARM V8 assembly language.
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At every step, we'll completely explain the code and document what has
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changed from version to version so that little background is assumed.
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[Special Bonus](#special-bonus---build-on-linux-and-apple-silicon) can
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be found by following the link. The code found there uses the macro
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suite developed by the author that allows code to be written once and
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built on both the Mac M family as well as on Linux.
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## V1 in C++
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Here is the code to a program that prints to the console, the contents
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@ -670,18 +675,62 @@ job.
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We do maintain that understanding assembly language principles will
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improve your higher level language coding.
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## Special Bonus - Build on Linux AND Apple Silicon
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[Here](./v6.S) is the source code shown below.
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[Here](./apple-linux-convergence.S) is the source code to the macro
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suite that allows you to write the code once and build on both the Apple
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M family and upon Linux.
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The documentation can be found [here](./../../macros/).
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```text
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#include "apple-linux-convergence.S" // 1
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// 2
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.text // 3
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.p2align 2 // 4
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GLABEL main // 5
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// 6
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MAIN // 7
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PUSH_P x21, x30 // 8
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PUSH_R x29 // 9
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mov x29, sp // 10
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// 11
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mov x21, x1 // 12
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// 13
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1: ldr x0, [x21], 8 // 14
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cbz x0, 2f // 15
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CRT puts // 16
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b 1b // 17
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// 18
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2: POP_R x29 // 19
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POP_P x21, x30 // 20
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mov x0, xzr // 21
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ret // 22
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// 23
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.end // 24
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```
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The push and pop macros simply save typing but the other macros sense
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if you are building on Linux or on Apple M family. In this case, the
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macros are helping with underscores but the macro suite contains more
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sophisticated helpers as well.
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## Questions
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### 1
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(T | F) It is the compiler's job to reduce a higher level language to assembly language.
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(T | F) It is the compiler's job to reduce a higher level language to
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assembly language.
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Answer: True - The "compiler" is just one step in the "compilation" process. In fact it
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is step 2. Invoking the "preprocessor" is step 1.
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Answer: True - The "compiler" is just one step in the "compilation"
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process. In fact it is step 2. Invoking the "preprocessor" is step 1.
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### 2
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(T | F) Failing to mark `main` as a `global` will result in a syntax error.
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(T | F) Failing to mark `main` as a `global` will result in a syntax
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error.
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Answer: False - a linker error will happen, not a syntax error.
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@ -689,8 +738,9 @@ Answer: False - a linker error will happen, not a syntax error.
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\___ and ___ implement the braces in C and C++.
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Answer: labels and branches - the closing brace of a `while` loop for example,
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is a branch instruction. The opening brace of a `while` is a label.
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Answer: labels and branches - the closing brace of a `while` loop for
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example, is a branch instruction. The opening brace of a `while` is a
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label.
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### 4
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@ -701,12 +751,14 @@ if a_register has value 0
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then goto label
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```
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Answer: True - `cbz` stands for "compare and branch if zero". There is also
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a `cbnz` instruction. To test for other Boolean conditions, use `cmp`.
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Answer: True - `cbz` stands for "compare and branch if zero". There is
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also a `cbnz` instruction. To test for other Boolean conditions, use
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`cmp`.
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### 5
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While this chapter is entitled "Hello World," the example used isn't actually "Hello World." Here is a "Hello World" for you to complete:
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While this chapter is entitled "Hello World," the example used isn't
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actually "Hello World." Here is a "Hello World" for you to complete:
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```text
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.global main
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116
section_1/hello_world/apple-linux-convergence.S
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116
section_1/hello_world/apple-linux-convergence.S
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/* Macros to permit the "same" assembly language to build on ARM64
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Linux systems as well as Apple Silicon systems.
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See the fuller documentation at:
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https://github.com/pkivolowitz/asm_book/blob/main/macros/README.md
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Perry Kivolowitz
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A Gentle Introduction to Assembly Language
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*/
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.macro GLD_PTR xreg, label
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#if defined(__APPLE__)
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adrp \xreg, _\label@GOTPAGE
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ldr \xreg, [\xreg, _\label@GOTPAGEOFF]
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#else
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ldr \xreg, =\label
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ldr \xreg, [\xreg]
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#endif
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.endm
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.macro GLD_ADDR xreg, label // Get a global address
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#if defined(__APPLE__)
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adrp \xreg, _\label@GOTPAGE
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add \xreg, \xreg, _\label@GOTPAGEOFF
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#else
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ldr \xreg, =\label
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#endif
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.endm
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.macro LLD_ADDR xreg, label
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#if defined(__APPLE__)
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adrp \xreg, \label@PAGE
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add \xreg, \xreg, \label@PAGEOFF
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#else
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ldr \xreg, =\label
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#endif
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.endm
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.macro LLD_DBL xreg, dreg, label
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#if defined(__APPLE__)
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adrp \xreg, \label@PAGE
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add \xreg, \xreg, \label@PAGEOFF
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ldur \dreg, [\xreg]
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// fmov \dreg, \xreg
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#else
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ldr \xreg, =\label
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ldur \dreg, [\xreg]
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#endif
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.endm
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.macro LLD_FLT xreg, sreg, label
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#if defined(__APPLE__)
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adrp \xreg, \label@PAGE
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add \xreg, \xreg, \label@PAGEOFF
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ldur \sreg, [\xreg]
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#else
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ldr \xreg, =\label
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ldur \sreg, [\xreg]
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#endif
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.endm
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.macro GLABEL label
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#if defined(__APPLE__)
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.global _\label
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#else
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.global \label
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#endif
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.endm
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.macro MAIN
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#if defined(__APPLE__)
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_main:
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#else
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main:
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#endif
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.endm
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.macro CRT label
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#if defined(__APPLE__)
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bl _\label
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#else
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bl \label
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#endif
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.endm
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.macro START_PROC // after starting label
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.cfi_startproc
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.endm
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.macro END_PROC // after the return
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.cfi_endproc
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.endm
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.macro PUSH_P a, b
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stp \a, \b, [sp, -16]!
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.endm
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.macro PUSH_R a
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str \a, [sp, -16]!
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.endm
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.macro POP_P a, b
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ldp \a, \b, [sp], 16
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.endm
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.macro POP_R a
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ldr \a, [sp], 16
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.endm
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.macro MIN src_a, src_b, dest
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csel \dest, \src_a, \src_b, GT
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.endm
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.macro MAX src_a, src_b, dest
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csel \dest, \src_a, \src_b, LT
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.endm
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24
section_1/hello_world/v6.S
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24
section_1/hello_world/v6.S
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#include "apple-linux-convergence.S"
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.text
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.p2align 2
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GLABEL main
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MAIN
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PUSH_P x21, x30
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PUSH_R x29
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mov x29, sp
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mov x21, x1
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1: ldr x0, [x21], 8
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cbz x0, 2f
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CRT puts
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b 1b
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2: POP_R x29
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POP_P x21, x30
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mov x0, xzr
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ret
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.end
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