--- title: "Table of Content" linkTitle: "Table of Content" weight: 10 breadcrumbs: false --- ![](/title.jpg) ## [Preface](/en/preface) - [Who Should Read This Book?](/en/preface#who-should-read-this-book) - [Scope of This Book](/en/preface#scope-of-this-book) - [Outline of This Book](/en/preface#outline-of-this-book) - [References and Further Reading](/en/preface#references-and-further-reading) - [O'Reilly Safari](/en/preface#oreilly-safari) - [How to Contact Us](/en/preface#how-to-contact-us) - [Acknowledgments](/en/preface#acknowledgments) ## [1. Trade-offs in Data Systems Architecture](/en/ch1) - [Analytical versus Operational Systems](/en/ch1#sec_introduction_analytics) - [Characterizing Transaction Processing and Analytics](/en/ch1#sec_introduction_oltp) - [Data Warehousing](/en/ch1#sec_introduction_dwh) - [From data warehouse to data lake](/en/ch1#from-data-warehouse-to-data-lake) - [Beyond the data lake](/en/ch1#beyond-the-data-lake) - [Systems of Record and Derived Data](/en/ch1#sec_introduction_derived) - [Cloud versus Self-Hosting](/en/ch1#sec_introduction_cloud) - [Pros and Cons of Cloud Services](/en/ch1#sec_introduction_cloud_tradeoffs) - [Cloud-Native System Architecture](/en/ch1#sec_introduction_cloud_native) - [Layering of cloud services](/en/ch1#layering-of-cloud-services) - [Separation of storage and compute](/en/ch1#sec_introduction_storage_compute) - [Operations in the Cloud Era](/en/ch1#sec_introduction_operations) - [Distributed versus Single-Node Systems](/en/ch1#sec_introduction_distributed) - [Problems with Distributed Systems](/en/ch1#sec_introduction_dist_sys_problems) - [Microservices and Serverless](/en/ch1#sec_introduction_microservices) - [Cloud Computing versus Supercomputing](/en/ch1#id17) - [Data Systems, Law, and Society](/en/ch1#sec_introduction_compliance) - [Summary](/en/ch1#summary) - [References](/en/ch1#references) ## [2. Defining Nonfunctional Requirements](/en/ch2) - [Case Study: Social Network Home Timelines](/en/ch2#sec_introduction_twitter) - [Representing Users, Posts, and Follows](/en/ch2#id20) - [Materializing and Updating Timelines](/en/ch2#sec_introduction_materializing) - [Describing Performance](/en/ch2#sec_introduction_percentiles) - [Latency and Response Time](/en/ch2#id23) - [Average, Median, and Percentiles](/en/ch2#id24) - [Use of Response Time Metrics](/en/ch2#sec_introduction_slo_sla) - [Reliability and Fault Tolerance](/en/ch2#sec_introduction_reliability) - [Fault Tolerance](/en/ch2#id27) - [Hardware and Software Faults](/en/ch2#sec_introduction_hardware_faults) - [Tolerating hardware faults through redundancy](/en/ch2#tolerating-hardware-faults-through-redundancy) - [Software faults](/en/ch2#software-faults) - [Humans and Reliability](/en/ch2#id31) - [Scalability](/en/ch2#sec_introduction_scalability) - [Describing Load](/en/ch2#id33) - [Shared-Memory, Shared-Disk, and Shared-Nothing Architecture](/en/ch2#sec_introduction_shared_nothing) - [Principles for Scalability](/en/ch2#id35) - [Maintainability](/en/ch2#sec_introduction_maintainability) - [Operability: Making Life Easy for Operations](/en/ch2#id37) - [Simplicity: Managing Complexity](/en/ch2#id38) - [Evolvability: Making Change Easy](/en/ch2#sec_introduction_evolvability) - [Summary](/en/ch2#summary) - [References](/en/ch2#references) ## [3. Data Models and Query Languages](/en/ch3) - [Relational Model versus Document Model](/en/ch3#sec_datamodels_history) - [The Object-Relational Mismatch](/en/ch3#sec_datamodels_document) - [Object-relational mapping (ORM)](/en/ch3#object-relational-mapping-orm) - [The document data model for one-to-many relationships](/en/ch3#the-document-data-model-for-one-to-many-relationships) - [Normalization, Denormalization, and Joins](/en/ch3#sec_datamodels_normalization) - [Trade-offs of normalization](/en/ch3#trade-offs-of-normalization) - [Denormalization in the social networking case study](/en/ch3#denormalization-in-the-social-networking-case-study) - [Many-to-One and Many-to-Many Relationships](/en/ch3#sec_datamodels_many_to_many) - [Stars and Snowflakes: Schemas for Analytics](/en/ch3#sec_datamodels_analytics) - [When to Use Which Model](/en/ch3#sec_datamodels_document_summary) - [Schema flexibility in the document model](/en/ch3#sec_datamodels_schema_flexibility) - [Data locality for reads and writes](/en/ch3#sec_datamodels_document_locality) - [Query languages for documents](/en/ch3#query-languages-for-documents) - [Convergence of document and relational databases](/en/ch3#convergence-of-document-and-relational-databases) - [Graph-Like Data Models](/en/ch3#sec_datamodels_graph) - [Property Graphs](/en/ch3#id56) - [The Cypher Query Language](/en/ch3#id57) - [Graph Queries in SQL](/en/ch3#id58) - [Triple-Stores and SPARQL](/en/ch3#id59) - [The RDF data model](/en/ch3#the-rdf-data-model) - [The SPARQL query language](/en/ch3#the-sparql-query-language) - [Datalog: Recursive Relational Queries](/en/ch3#id62) - [GraphQL](/en/ch3#id63) - [Event Sourcing and CQRS](/en/ch3#sec_datamodels_events) - [Dataframes, Matrices, and Arrays](/en/ch3#sec_datamodels_dataframes) - [Summary](/en/ch3#summary) - [References](/en/ch3#references) ## [4. Storage and Retrieval](/en/ch4) - [Storage and Indexing for OLTP](/en/ch4#sec_storage_oltp) - [Log-Structured Storage](/en/ch4#sec_storage_log_structured) - [The SSTable file format](/en/ch4#the-sstable-file-format) - [Constructing and merging SSTables](/en/ch4#constructing-and-merging-sstables) - [Bloom filters](/en/ch4#bloom-filters) - [Compaction strategies](/en/ch4#sec_storage_lsm_compaction) - [B-Trees](/en/ch4#sec_storage_b_trees) - [Making B-trees reliable](/en/ch4#sec_storage_btree_wal) - [B-tree variants](/en/ch4#b-tree-variants) - [Comparing B-Trees and LSM-Trees](/en/ch4#sec_storage_btree_lsm_comparison) - [Read performance](/en/ch4#read-performance) - [Sequential vs. random writes](/en/ch4#sidebar_sequential) - [Write amplification](/en/ch4#write-amplification) - [Disk space usage](/en/ch4#disk-space-usage) - [Multi-Column and Secondary Indexes](/en/ch4#sec_storage_index_multicolumn) - [Storing values within the index](/en/ch4#sec_storage_index_heap) - [Keeping everything in memory](/en/ch4#sec_storage_inmemory) - [Data Storage for Analytics](/en/ch4#sec_storage_analytics) - [Cloud Data Warehouses](/en/ch4#sec_cloud_data_warehouses) - [Column-Oriented Storage](/en/ch4#sec_storage_column) - [Column Compression](/en/ch4#sec_storage_column_compression) - [Sort Order in Column Storage](/en/ch4#sort-order-in-column-storage) - [Writing to Column-Oriented Storage](/en/ch4#writing-to-column-oriented-storage) - [Query Execution: Compilation and Vectorization](/en/ch4#sec_storage_vectorized) - [Materialized Views and Data Cubes](/en/ch4#sec_storage_materialized_views) - [Multidimensional and Full-Text Indexes](/en/ch4#sec_storage_multidimensional) - [Full-Text Search](/en/ch4#sec_storage_full_text) - [Vector Embeddings](/en/ch4#id92) - [Summary](/en/ch4#summary) - [References](/en/ch4#references) ## [5. Encoding and Evolution](/en/ch5) - [Formats for Encoding Data](/en/ch5#sec_encoding_formats) - [Language-Specific Formats](/en/ch5#id96) - [JSON, XML, and Binary Variants](/en/ch5#sec_encoding_json) - [JSON Schema](/en/ch5#json-schema) - [Binary encoding](/en/ch5#binary-encoding) - [Protocol Buffers](/en/ch5#sec_encoding_protobuf) - [Field tags and schema evolution](/en/ch5#field-tags-and-schema-evolution) - [Avro](/en/ch5#sec_encoding_avro) - [The writer’s schema and the reader’s schema](/en/ch5#the-writers-schema-and-the-readers-schema) - [Schema evolution rules](/en/ch5#schema-evolution-rules) - [But what is the writer’s schema?](/en/ch5#but-what-is-the-writers-schema) - [Dynamically generated schemas](/en/ch5#dynamically-generated-schemas) - [The Merits of Schemas](/en/ch5#sec_encoding_schemas) - [Modes of Dataflow](/en/ch5#sec_encoding_dataflow) - [Dataflow Through Databases](/en/ch5#sec_encoding_dataflow_db) - [Different values written at different times](/en/ch5#different-values-written-at-different-times) - [Archival storage](/en/ch5#archival-storage) - [Dataflow Through Services: REST and RPC](/en/ch5#sec_encoding_dataflow_rpc) - [Web services](/en/ch5#sec_web_services) - [The problems with remote procedure calls (RPCs)](/en/ch5#sec_problems_with_rpc) - [Load balancers, service discovery, and service meshes](/en/ch5#sec_encoding_service_discovery) - [Data encoding and evolution for RPC](/en/ch5#data-encoding-and-evolution-for-rpc) - [Durable Execution and Workflows](/en/ch5#sec_encoding_dataflow_workflows) - [Durable execution](/en/ch5#durable-execution) - [Event-Driven Architectures](/en/ch5#sec_encoding_dataflow_msg) - [Message brokers](/en/ch5#message-brokers) - [Distributed actor frameworks](/en/ch5#distributed-actor-frameworks) - [Summary](/en/ch5#summary) - [References](/en/ch5#references) ## [6. Replication](/en/ch6) - [Single-Leader Replication](/en/ch6#sec_replication_leader) - [Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Replication](/en/ch6#sec_replication_sync_async) - [Setting Up New Followers](/en/ch6#sec_replication_new_replica) - [Handling Node Outages](/en/ch6#sec_replication_failover) - [Follower failure: Catch-up recovery](/en/ch6#follower-failure-catch-up-recovery) - [Leader failure: Failover](/en/ch6#leader-failure-failover) - [Implementation of Replication Logs](/en/ch6#sec_replication_implementation) - [Statement-based replication](/en/ch6#statement-based-replication) - [Write-ahead log (WAL) shipping](/en/ch6#write-ahead-log-wal-shipping) - [Logical (row-based) log replication](/en/ch6#logical-row-based-log-replication) - [Problems with Replication Lag](/en/ch6#sec_replication_lag) - [Reading Your Own Writes](/en/ch6#sec_replication_ryw) - [Monotonic Reads](/en/ch6#sec_replication_monotonic_reads) - [Consistent Prefix Reads](/en/ch6#sec_replication_consistent_prefix) - [Solutions for Replication Lag](/en/ch6#id131) - [Multi-Leader Replication](/en/ch6#sec_replication_multi_leader) - [Geographically Distributed Operation](/en/ch6#sec_replication_multi_dc) - [Multi-leader replication topologies](/en/ch6#sec_replication_topologies) - [Problems with different topologies](/en/ch6#problems-with-different-topologies) - [Sync Engines and Local-First Software](/en/ch6#sec_replication_offline_clients) - [Real-time collaboration, offline-first, and local-first apps](/en/ch6#real-time-collaboration-offline-first-and-local-first-apps) - [Pros and cons of sync engines](/en/ch6#pros-and-cons-of-sync-engines) - [Dealing with Conflicting Writes](/en/ch6#sec_replication_write_conflicts) - [Conflict avoidance](/en/ch6#conflict-avoidance) - [Last write wins (discarding concurrent writes)](/en/ch6#sec_replication_lww) - [Manual conflict resolution](/en/ch6#manual-conflict-resolution) - [Automatic conflict resolution](/en/ch6#automatic-conflict-resolution) - [CRDTs and Operational Transformation](/en/ch6#sec_replication_crdts) - [What is a conflict?](/en/ch6#what-is-a-conflict) - [Leaderless Replication](/en/ch6#sec_replication_leaderless) - [Writing to the Database When a Node Is Down](/en/ch6#id287) - [Catching up on missed writes](/en/ch6#sec_replication_read_repair) - [Quorums for reading and writing](/en/ch6#sec_replication_quorum_condition) - [Limitations of Quorum Consistency](/en/ch6#sec_replication_quorum_limitations) - [Monitoring staleness](/en/ch6#monitoring-staleness) - [Single-Leader vs. Leaderless Replication Performance](/en/ch6#sec_replication_leaderless_perf) - [Multi-region operation](/en/ch6#multi-region-operation) - [Detecting Concurrent Writes](/en/ch6#sec_replication_concurrent) - [The “happens-before” relation and concurrency](/en/ch6#sec_replication_happens_before) - [Capturing the happens-before relationship](/en/ch6#capturing-the-happens-before-relationship) - [Version vectors](/en/ch6#version-vectors) - [Summary](/en/ch6#summary) - [References](/en/ch6#references) ## [7. Sharding](/en/ch7) - [Pros and Cons of Sharding](/en/ch7#sec_sharding_reasons) - [Sharding for Multitenancy](/en/ch7#sec_sharding_multitenancy) - [Sharding of Key-Value Data](/en/ch7#sec_sharding_key_value) - [Sharding by Key Range](/en/ch7#sec_sharding_key_range) - [Rebalancing key-range sharded data](/en/ch7#rebalancing-key-range-sharded-data) - [Sharding by Hash of Key](/en/ch7#sec_sharding_hash) - [Hash modulo number of nodes](/en/ch7#hash-modulo-number-of-nodes) - [Fixed number of shards](/en/ch7#fixed-number-of-shards) - [Sharding by hash range](/en/ch7#sharding-by-hash-range) - [Consistent hashing](/en/ch7#sec_sharding_consistent_hashing) - [Skewed Workloads and Relieving Hot Spots](/en/ch7#sec_sharding_skew) - [Operations: Automatic or Manual Rebalancing](/en/ch7#sec_sharding_operations) - [Request Routing](/en/ch7#sec_sharding_routing) - [Sharding and Secondary Indexes](/en/ch7#sec_sharding_secondary_indexes) - [Local Secondary Indexes](/en/ch7#id166) - [Global Secondary Indexes](/en/ch7#id167) - [Summary](/en/ch7#summary) - [References](/en/ch7#references) ## [8. Transactions](/en/ch8) - [What Exactly Is a Transaction?](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_overview) - [The Meaning of ACID](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_acid) - [Atomicity](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_acid_atomicity) - [Consistency](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_acid_consistency) - [Isolation](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_acid_isolation) - [Durability](/en/ch8#durability) - [Single-Object and Multi-Object Operations](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_multi_object) - [Single-object writes](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_single_object) - [The need for multi-object transactions](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_need) - [Handling errors and aborts](/en/ch8#handling-errors-and-aborts) - [Weak Isolation Levels](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_isolation_levels) - [Read Committed](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_read_committed) - [No dirty reads](/en/ch8#no-dirty-reads) - [No dirty writes](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_dirty_write) - [Implementing read committed](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_read_committed_impl) - [Snapshot Isolation and Repeatable Read](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_snapshot_isolation) - [Multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_snapshot_impl) - [Visibility rules for observing a consistent snapshot](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_mvcc_visibility) - [Indexes and snapshot isolation](/en/ch8#indexes-and-snapshot-isolation) - [Snapshot isolation, repeatable read, and naming confusion](/en/ch8#snapshot-isolation-repeatable-read-and-naming-confusion) - [Preventing Lost Updates](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_lost_update) - [Atomic write operations](/en/ch8#atomic-write-operations) - [Explicit locking](/en/ch8#explicit-locking) - [Automatically detecting lost updates](/en/ch8#automatically-detecting-lost-updates) - [Conditional writes (compare-and-set)](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_compare_and_set) - [Conflict resolution and replication](/en/ch8#conflict-resolution-and-replication) - [Write Skew and Phantoms](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_write_skew) - [Characterizing write skew](/en/ch8#characterizing-write-skew) - [More examples of write skew](/en/ch8#more-examples-of-write-skew) - [Phantoms causing write skew](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_phantom) - [Materializing conflicts](/en/ch8#materializing-conflicts) - [Serializability](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_serializability) - [Actual Serial Execution](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_serial) - [Encapsulating transactions in stored procedures](/en/ch8#encapsulating-transactions-in-stored-procedures) - [Pros and cons of stored procedures](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_stored_proc_tradeoffs) - [Sharding](/en/ch8#sharding) - [Summary of serial execution](/en/ch8#summary-of-serial-execution) - [Two-Phase Locking (2PL)](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_2pl) - [Implementation of two-phase locking](/en/ch8#implementation-of-two-phase-locking) - [Performance of two-phase locking](/en/ch8#performance-of-two-phase-locking) - [Predicate locks](/en/ch8#predicate-locks) - [Index-range locks](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_2pl_range) - [Serializable Snapshot Isolation (SSI)](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_ssi) - [Pessimistic versus optimistic concurrency control](/en/ch8#pessimistic-versus-optimistic-concurrency-control) - [Decisions based on an outdated premise](/en/ch8#decisions-based-on-an-outdated-premise) - [Detecting stale MVCC reads](/en/ch8#detecting-stale-mvcc-reads) - [Detecting writes that affect prior reads](/en/ch8#sec_detecting_writes_affect_reads) - [Performance of serializable snapshot isolation](/en/ch8#performance-of-serializable-snapshot-isolation) - [Distributed Transactions](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_distributed) - [Two-Phase Commit (2PC)](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_2pc) - [A system of promises](/en/ch8#a-system-of-promises) - [Coordinator failure](/en/ch8#coordinator-failure) - [Three-phase commit](/en/ch8#three-phase-commit) - [Distributed Transactions Across Different Systems](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_xa) - [Exactly-once message processing](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_exactly_once) - [XA transactions](/en/ch8#xa-transactions) - [Holding locks while in doubt](/en/ch8#holding-locks-while-in-doubt) - [Recovering from coordinator failure](/en/ch8#recovering-from-coordinator-failure) - [Problems with XA transactions](/en/ch8#problems-with-xa-transactions) - [Database-internal Distributed Transactions](/en/ch8#sec_transactions_internal) - [Exactly-once message processing revisited](/en/ch8#exactly-once-message-processing-revisited) - [Summary](/en/ch8#summary) - [References](/en/ch8#references) ## [9. The Trouble with Distributed Systems](/en/ch9) - [Faults and Partial Failures](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_partial_failure) - [Unreliable Networks](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_networks) - [The Limitations of TCP](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_tcp) - [Network Faults in Practice](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_network_faults) - [Detecting Faults](/en/ch9#id307) - [Timeouts and Unbounded Delays](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_queueing) - [Network congestion and queueing](/en/ch9#network-congestion-and-queueing) - [Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Networks](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_sync_networks) - [Can we not simply make network delays predictable?](/en/ch9#can-we-not-simply-make-network-delays-predictable) - [Unreliable Clocks](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_clocks) - [Monotonic Versus Time-of-Day Clocks](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_monotonic_timeofday) - [Time-of-day clocks](/en/ch9#time-of-day-clocks) - [Monotonic clocks](/en/ch9#monotonic-clocks) - [Clock Synchronization and Accuracy](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_clock_accuracy) - [Relying on Synchronized Clocks](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_clocks_relying) - [Timestamps for ordering events](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_lww) - [Clock readings with a confidence interval](/en/ch9#clock-readings-with-a-confidence-interval) - [Synchronized clocks for global snapshots](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_spanner) - [Process Pauses](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_clocks_pauses) - [Response time guarantees](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_clocks_realtime) - [Limiting the impact of garbage collection](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_gc_impact) - [Knowledge, Truth, and Lies](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_truth) - [The Majority Rules](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_majority) - [Distributed Locks and Leases](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_lock_fencing) - [Fencing off zombies and delayed requests](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_fencing_tokens) - [Fencing with multiple replicas](/en/ch9#fencing-with-multiple-replicas) - [Byzantine Faults](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_byzantine) - [Weak forms of lying](/en/ch9#weak-forms-of-lying) - [System Model and Reality](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_system_model) - [Defining the correctness of an algorithm](/en/ch9#defining-the-correctness-of-an-algorithm) - [Safety and liveness](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_safety_liveness) - [Mapping system models to the real world](/en/ch9#mapping-system-models-to-the-real-world) - [Formal Methods and Randomized Testing](/en/ch9#sec_distributed_formal) - [Model checking and specification languages](/en/ch9#model-checking-and-specification-languages) - [Fault injection](/en/ch9#sec_fault_injection) - [Deterministic simulation testing](/en/ch9#deterministic-simulation-testing) - [Summary](/en/ch9#summary) - [References](/en/ch9#references) ## [10. Consistency and Consensus](/en/ch10) - [Linearizability](/en/ch10#sec_consistency_linearizability) - [What Makes a System Linearizable?](/en/ch10#sec_consistency_lin_definition) - [Relying on Linearizability](/en/ch10#sec_consistency_linearizability_usage) - [Locking and leader election](/en/ch10#locking-and-leader-election) - [Constraints and uniqueness guarantees](/en/ch10#sec_consistency_uniqueness) - [Cross-channel timing dependencies](/en/ch10#cross-channel-timing-dependencies) - [Implementing Linearizable Systems](/en/ch10#sec_consistency_implementing_linearizable) - [Linearizability and quorums](/en/ch10#sec_consistency_quorum_linearizable) - [The Cost of Linearizability](/en/ch10#sec_linearizability_cost) - [The CAP theorem](/en/ch10#the-cap-theorem) - [Linearizability and network delays](/en/ch10#linearizability-and-network-delays) - [ID Generators and Logical Clocks](/en/ch10#sec_consistency_logical) - [Logical Clocks](/en/ch10#sec_consistency_timestamps) - [Lamport timestamps](/en/ch10#lamport-timestamps) - [Hybrid logical clocks](/en/ch10#hybrid-logical-clocks) - [Lamport/hybrid logical clocks vs. vector clocks](/en/ch10#lamporthybrid-logical-clocks-vs-vector-clocks) - [Linearizable ID Generators](/en/ch10#sec_consistency_linearizable_id) - [Implementing a linearizable ID generator](/en/ch10#implementing-a-linearizable-id-generator) - [Enforcing constraints using logical clocks](/en/ch10#enforcing-constraints-using-logical-clocks) - [Consensus](/en/ch10#sec_consistency_consensus) - [The Many Faces of Consensus](/en/ch10#sec_consistency_faces) - [Single-value consensus](/en/ch10#single-value-consensus) - [Compare-and-set as consensus](/en/ch10#compare-and-set-as-consensus) - [Shared logs as consensus](/en/ch10#sec_consistency_shared_logs) - [Fetch-and-add as consensus](/en/ch10#fetch-and-add-as-consensus) - [Atomic commitment as consensus](/en/ch10#atomic-commitment-as-consensus) - [Consensus in Practice](/en/ch10#sec_consistency_total_order) - [Using shared logs](/en/ch10#sec_consistency_smr) - [From single-leader replication to consensus](/en/ch10#from-single-leader-replication-to-consensus) - [Subtleties of consensus](/en/ch10#subtleties-of-consensus) - [Pros and cons of consensus](/en/ch10#pros-and-cons-of-consensus) - [Coordination Services](/en/ch10#sec_consistency_coordination) - [Allocating work to nodes](/en/ch10#allocating-work-to-nodes) - [Service discovery](/en/ch10#service-discovery) - [Summary](/en/ch10#summary) - [References](/en/ch10#references) ## [11. Batch Processing](/en/ch11) - [……](/en/ch11#) - [Summary](/en/ch11#id292) - [References](/en/ch11#references) ## [12. Stream Processing](/en/ch12) - [……](/en/ch12#) - [Summary](/en/ch12#id332) - [References](/en/ch12#references) ## [13. A Philosophy of Streaming Systems](/en/ch13) - [……](/en/ch13#) - [Summary](/en/ch13#id367) - [References](/en/ch13#references) ## [14. Doing the Right Thing](/en/ch14) - [……](/en/ch14#) - [Summary](/en/ch14#id594) - [References](/en/ch14#references) ## [Glossary](/en/glossary) ## [Colophon](/en/colophon) - [About the Author](/en/colophon#about-the-author) - [Colophon](/en/colophon#colophon)